Divided Republic of Wadanganyika

[Gustanza_The]

Yup, that's right, Divided Attention za Wadanganyika.

Why?

Coz inashangaza kuona jinsi wadangayika wa JF wanaoijiita "wachukia mafisadi" walivyokuwa "caught up" na kuelekeza attention zao zote kwenye uchaguzi wa Marekani ambao hata kama [Mungu saidia] Obama ashinde, bado matatizo ya Tanzania yataendelea kubakia kuwa yale yale:

1. Kikwete ataendelea kufuja mali ya umma kwa safari zake za utalii .And I think yuko Vegas hivi tunavyozungumza hapa [kwa taarifa nilizozipata toka kwa "unnamed source"].

2. Ripoti ya EPA haitapelekwa bungeni kujadiliwa

3. Bw. Ali Juma Shamhuna ataendelea kushikilia azma yake ya kutaka kuanzisha harakati za mapinduzi huko visiwani [mpaka hapo Zanzibar itakapotambuliwa kuwa nchi].

4. Lowassa ataendelea kununua magazeti/vyombo vya habari ili vimsafishie jina. Lengo lake kuu likiwa kugombea urais mwaka 2015.

5.CCM itaendelea kujiandaa kutumia million 650 [Tsh] kuhakikisha kuwa mgombea wao anashinda jimbo la Tarime [uchaguzi mdogo].

6. Time magazine itamtaja Mizengo Pinda as "the worst PM ever in Bongo's history!" kwenye toleo lake la disemba 2008.

7. (deleted): coz I'm not ready kupadwa na munkari at this time

P.S. Binafsi siwezi kupoteza muda kujadili habari za uchaguzi wa huko kiwanja kwasababu hatahivyo, wapiga kura wa huko sio watu wa kuaminika. Kumbukeni kuwa miaka minane iliyopita, waliweza kumpigia kura mchemshaji "Kichaka" hata baada ya madudu aliyokuwa ameyafanya kuwa yameonekana hadharani. Sitashangaa kabisa wakimchagua McSame this year, again.

So, mimi ningewashauri [tena ushauri wa bure], kuwa badala ya kupoteza muda wenu mwingi mkijadili kuhusu Sarah whatever/Maverick/Hockey mom, tumieni huo muda kusoma SUNDAY OBSERVER [hapo chini...rudia kuisoma tena na tena na tena...japo kuna mtu alishapost hii article mapema ila sikuona watu wakiichagia kama wanavyojidai kutuelemisha kuhusu uchaguzi wa huko majuu] kisha kasirikeni and/or nuneni.

Revealed: Tanzania`s shocking vast wealth
2008-08-31 09:07:51
By Staff Writer

As massive poverty continues to rock the majority of Tanzanians, the latest data reveal that Tanzania`s wealth in terms of the top five metals out of eleven provable mineral deposits amounting to millions of tonnes.

It is hard to believe it, but that is the reality in a country where 38million plus population lives in abject poverty, below a dollar per day, while 89percent of the total population survive on a single meal per day.

According to a geological survey conducted last year by the ministry of energy and minerals, Tanzania has huge reserves in eleven key minerals which include gold, Nickel, Tanzanite, Diamonds, copper, Iron ore, coal, Limestone, soda ash, gypsum and phosphate.

The five key minerals and their provable amounts in brackets is Gold (2,222tones), Nickel (209million tones), Diamonds (Carat 50.9million), Copper (13.65million tones), and Iron ore (103million tones).

However since this was just a geological survey undertaken by experts last year, its actual result is approximated to be accurate by up to 70 percent.

So far, only three types of minerals - gold, diamonds, Tanzanite - are being fully mined by multinational companies which at the end of the day take 97percent, leaving only peanut to the original Tanzanian owners.

If well managed through sound, people-centered mining policies, the mining sector can catapult Tanzanians to the proverbial promised land in decades and generations to come.

Comparing these huge deposits and the actual situation of poverty in the country, the message that comes across one`s mind is that Tanzania is in what experts describe as `resource curse`.

The term `resource curse` refers to the observation that nations with rich endowments of natural resources (oil, metals, timber) often dramatically under-perform economically relative to what one would expect.

Common sense and simple economics suggest that countries blessed with an abundance of natural resources should live long and prosper.

Yet over many years, it has been observed that nations rich in oil, gas, or mineral resources have been disadvantaged in the drive for economic progress.

Why are we poor?

Perhaps the biggest question that begs an urgent answer is; why are we so poor despite having all these huge minerals deposits?

It is a question that policy makers and politicians have been avoiding to seek answers for.

Tanzania like many other African countries is highly blessed with rich natural resources, but its people are swimming in the deep sea of massive poverty.

But the appalling truth is that instead of financing people`s development, Africa's huge mineral resources were used to fund the brutal civil wars that ravaged millions of people during the past four decades.

Today in Africa only a few countries like Botswana, Ghana and South Africa have managed to use their natural resources, especially minerals, to facilitate development and welfare to their people.

This example is vividly manifested in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sudan and Angola whereby masters of the wars used natural resources to finance their deadly power struggle.

However in Tanzania, there wasn`t any civil war apart from the role played by the founding President, (the late) Dr Julius Nyerere, in liberating Southern African countries during the nationalist struggle.

While it is an undeniable truth that the move to allow the private sector to participate in the mining industry was brilliant one, the truth is that due to poor policies introduced by the third phase government, the whole idea has become a disaster to Tanzanians.

This is well echoed in the lucrative mining industry which has been mainly benefiting multinational companies, while paying the government a small slice of the cake.

Last year, for instance, the Minister for Energy and Minerals, William Ngeleja, told the parliament that during the period between 2001 and 2006, Tanzania produced gold worth $2.6 billion (Tshs3.38 trillion), but the government earned only $78 million.

In simple arithmetic, this is just 3 percent of the total revenues generated from thousands of tonnes of gold produced in the Lake Victoria gold belt. It also shows that the government earned an average of $13 million annually during that period from the multibillion industry whose real investments currently is valued at $2.5 billion.

According to the available statistics from the mining industry, from June 2000 to December 2006, the two biggest gold mines in the country produced a total of 5,686,710 ounces of gold, which at the current gold price of $600 per ounce is valued at Tshs 4.3 trillion ($ 3.3 billion), but what the nation earned is frightening and a shame.

While mineral production has increased in Tanzania in the past few years with export per year estimated to be nearly $900 million (Tshs1.17 trillion), the contribution of the mining sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) remains very minimal, accounting to 3 percent.

According to the National Economic Survey report released in 2006, the growth rate of mining and quarrying sector increased from 15.4 percent in 2004 to 15.7 percent in 2005, whereby the increment was attributed to new investments in Tulawaka gold mines in Biharamulo District, Kagera Region.

The report further states that, the contribution of the sector to GDP, which is the total value of goods and services produced in a country during a year, increased from 3.2 percent in 2004 to 3.5 percent in 2007.

We would like to hear from you about this story; what you think the problem is, and what needs to be done. Send your comments through sundayguardian@guardian .co.tz

SOURCE: Sunday Observer

 

[BAK]

Ipo hapa hiyo article tayari na watu wanaijadili kwa mapana na marefu.

 

[Gustanza_The]

Ipo hapa hiyo article tayari na watu wanaijadili kwa mapana na marefu.

Naelewa, ila sioni kama watu wanalipa uzito suala hili kama wanavyolipatia uzito suala la uchaguzi wa huko majuu....

 

[Mkandara]

Gustanza_The,
Mkuu sio kwamba wananchi wameacha ya nyumbani isipokua baada ya kazi ngumu jamaa wanajipatia zoezi jingine la kwenda club kuyarudi pamoja na kwamba badoi unatumia nguvu za mwili...
Hoja za Marekani zinawapa nguvu mpya, ni kama mahala pa kupumzika nguvu zao na hasira zao kutokana na siasa za Tanzania, bila kutoka ktk mazingira ya siasa..

Waswahili wanasema hata mlalahoi jioni hurudi nyumbani akachanua mali zake kama tajiri wa O'bay... na starehe ya mawazo ni kama hii unatafuta kitu ambacho huwezi kufikiria sana isipokuwa kufurahia matokeo.

 

[Maverick]

Time magazine itamtaja Mizengo Pinda as "the worst PM ever in Bongo's history!" kwenye toleo lake la disemba 2008.[/COLOR]

Huyu jamaa amezima matumaini ya watanzania. Nafasi hii imempwaya.

 

[Gustanza_The]

Huyu jamaa [Pinda] amezima matumaini ya watanzania. Nafasi hii imempwaya.

Unachosema mkuu ni kweli. Yaani ingekuwa enzi za hayati Sokoine, hii issue ya EPA, wajingawajinga wangekiona cha moto. Tuchukulie tu hata zile enzi za 'mchemkaji' Mrema, hii issue [EPA] kingeishaeleweka zamani...

 

[JokaKuu]

Gustanza-The,

..kazi na dawa ndugu yangu.

..mara nyingine lazima uchukue mapumziko toka ktk hii mijadala ya mafisadi.

..personally nimetembelea sections nyingine za Jamii Forums nikakuta mambo ya kuelimisha na kufurahisha kwelikweli.

NB:

..topic ya uchaguzi wa USA ina wachangiaji wachache ambao wako dedicated nayo sana.

..mimi nadhani tuwape uhuru wao waendelee kwa wakati wao. thread yenyewe ni ya msimu hiyo, sidhani kama itaendelea zaidi ya mwezi Nov.

..pia ktk kujaribu kuwavutia watu kuchangia thread yako, jiepushe na kuwakandia kwamba wanapoteza muda kuchangia thread nyingine.

 

[Gustanza_The]

Gustanza-The,

..kazi na dawa ndugu yangu.

..mara nyingine lazima uchukue mapumziko toka ktk hii mijadala ya mafisadi.

..personally nimetembelea sections nyingine za Jamii Forums nikakuta mambo ya kuelimisha na kufurahisha kwelikweli.

NB:

..topic ya uchaguzi wa USA ina wachangiaji wachache ambao wako dedicated nayo sana.

..mimi nadhani tuwape uhuru wao waendelee kwa wakati wao. thread yenyewe ni ya msimu hiyo, sidhani kama itaendelea zaidi ya mwezi Nov.

..pia ktk kujaribu kuwavutia watu kuchangia thread yako, jiepushe na kuwakandia kwamba wanapoteza muda kuchangia thread nyingine.

Nimekupa jokakuu. Asante.

 

[jmushi1]

CONFLICT THEORY

The several social theories that emphasize Social conflicts have roots in the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883), the great German theorist and political activist. The Marxist, conflict approach emphasizes a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and a political program of revolution or, at least, reform.

In conflict theory there are a few basic conflicts.

One of the basic conflicts in conflict theory is that of class.

There are low and high ranks in class, and that gives a certain group more power over another group which causes conflicts.

For the most part, when an individual is part of a high ranked class they usually own a lot of property.

That means that if you are of a lower class, then you don't own as much property.

This usually causes conflict on who owns the most property and what property one does own.

In Marx's original conception, ownership of property was the most essential determinant of the class structure.

On the other hand Weber thought that property ownership was only one factor determining class structure.

Also, in the words of Jurgen Habermas, the conflicts of different social structures and classes provide the many motives it takes to create and preserve many patterns of culture.

Another basic conflict in conflict theory is that of race and ethnicity. Much like in the class system, groups in this system are ranked by their prestige and power.

This means that if a certain race or ethnicity has more education, prestige, and power then it is considered the better race or ethnicity which creates conflict.

Another kind of conflict is that of gender. This type of conflict can be noticeable by the
implication of a type of culture that is for men and a type of culture that is for women. Regions are another kind of conflict.

This type of conflict is brought about by all of the different assumptions that people from one region have about people that are from another region. The regions could range from one country to another or one state/province to another.

Lastly, there is the conflict of religion.

The conflict of religion is itself quite stratified;

even though there is a group of people belonging to each religion they are divided much like the social structure of classes.

All of these groups seek to gain power and use it to reshape society the way they see it best. It seems that this is the determining factor in the ruling class.

In conflict theory there are different modes of conflict. One mode of conflict theory is that of warfare and revolution.

Warfare and revolutions take place phases due to the rocky "collations among a variety of social classes." An example of warfare is that going on currently in Burma, where there is military versus population fighting for control over the country's government.

Another mode of conflict in conflict theory is that of strikes.

Modern society has created a main social divider between workers and managers.

When workers feel they have been treated unfairly, they go on strike to regain their right to power.

Another mode of conflict in conflict theory is that of domination. Most social classes don't form their ideologies the same. Different groups will struggle in conflict over what they think is right, what the norms are, and their ideologies.

Higher classes have more abstract ideologies, while subordinated classes that are much less to their advantage but still reflect the want in their own lives.

The ideas of the ruling class are the ruling ideas, where the ruling material force is the ruling intellectual force.

Competition.Competition over scarce resources (money, leisure, sexual partners, and so on) is at
the heart of all social relationships.

Competition rather than consensus is characteristic of human relationships.

Structural inequality Inequalities in power and reward are built into all social structures. Individuals and groups that benefit from any particular structure strive to see it maintained.

Revolution Change occurs as a result of conflict between competing social classes rather than through adaptation.

Change is often abrupt and revolutionary rather than evolutionary War.


Even war is a unifier of the societies involved, as well as possibly ending whole societies.


In modern society, a source of conflict is power where by politicians are competing to enter into a system which upon they act in their self interest, not for the welfare of people.(www.findarticles.com)

Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society.


The criminal justice system and criminal law are thought to be operating on behalf of rich and powerful social elites, with resulting policies aimed at controlling the poor.

The criminal justice establishment aims at imposing standards of morality and good behavior created by the powerful on the whole of society. Focus is on separating the powerful from have nots who would steal from others and protecting themselves from physical attacks. In the process the legal rights of poor folks might be ignored. The middle class are also co-opted; they side with the elites rather the poor, thinking they might themselves rise to the top by supporting the status quo.

Thus, street crimes, even minor monetary ones are routinely punished quite severely, while large scale financial and business crimes are treated much more leniently. Theft of a television might receive a longer sentence than stealing millions through illegal business practices.

William Chamblis in a classic essay "The Saints and the Roughnecks," compared the outcomes for two groups of adolescent misbehavers.


The first, a lower class group of boys, was hounded by the local police and labeled by teachers as delinquents and future criminals, while the upper-middle class boys were equally deviant, but their actions were written off as youthful indiscretions and learning experiences.

Radical criminology or critical criminology is a branch of conflict theory, drawing its ideas from a basic Marxist perspective. For Karl Max (1818-1883), modern capitalist societies were controlled by a wealthy few (bourgeoisie) who controlled the means of production (factories, raw materials, equipment, technology, etc.) while everyone else (the proletariat) was reduced to the lot of being wage laborers.

While Marx himself never really addressed in detail the criminal justice system's specific role in keeping such a system in place, from his writings a radical tradition has emerged. From this perspective, certain types of crime take on a different character. Stealing can be seen as an attempt to take away from the rich. Eric Hobsbawn referred to the like as "social banditry." Protest-related violence may actually be the start of proto revolutionary movements, ultimately leading to a workers' revolt and the establishment of a just society.

At a minimum this perspective aids in the explanation of certain actions; civil rights and antiwar protesters were being locked up in the 1960s because they threatened the established social order. The FBI and the CIA both directed efforts at monitoring such behavior. Thus, the law enforcement community had come down on the wrong side of those seeking social change.

Scenes of police officers attacking civil rights protesters with dogs, clubs, and water hoses and police riots such as the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago appeared on nightly television news.
A number of other varieties of conflict theory have appeared since the 1960s. These include radical feminism, left realism, and peacemaking criminology. The latter two are attempts to tone down some of the rhetoric, and present a more balanced approach.

Radical feminism focuses on the plight of women under capitalism. Male domination has been the norm, and women have been subject to it in the home and workplace, as well as on the street. Radical feminist criminologists have looked at the unjust treatment of female teens, who are much more frequently subject to institutionalization for status offense violations (offenses that would not be criminal if an adult) such as running away from home, and particularly singled out for sexual deviance. While away from home or work alone, women must always be on their guard for potential attacks or advances from men.

Living in fear has consequences, according to organizations such as Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (http://www.rainn.org/).

Left realism emerged in the 1980s, partially as a response to the crime victims' movement of that decade. Victims forced criminologists to recognize that the primary victims of crime are not the wealthy, but the poor.

Most predatory crimes are not "revolutionary" acts; they are attacks on family members and neighborhood residents.

As advocated by Stanley Cohen and others, left realists recognize that the criminal justice system must act to stop criminal victimization without regard to the class of the perpetrators. At the same time, continued focus on the crimes committed by the rich and powerful is warranted. White collar and business related crimes remain important.

Peace making Criminilogy sought to expand the role of the discipline by looking at international issues such as war and genocide. International struggles for human rights and universal social justice are related foci of concern. Hal Pepinsky and Richard Quinney are major authors in this area. In addition, there are a number of not for profit non-government organizations (NGOs) involved in efforts such as these. For example, Witness (http://www.witness.org/) gives video cameras and photographic equipment to victims of government abuse and civil strife and asks them to document their experiences. These are then shared via the World Wide Web so that other can witness what is happening.(www.criminology.fsu.edu)