Kwanini Nyerere alifuta Tawala za Machifu

[munkango]

Hivi karibuni Mheshimiwa Rais Samia Suluhu Hassan alitawazwa kuwa Chifu Mkuu Hangaya. Pia leo akiwa Moshi anesema Serikali itashirikiana na Machifu na Viongozi wa jadi. Tawala za Machifu zilipata kuwepo hapo zamani kabla ya kuvunjwa mwaka 1962. Je ni sababu gani ilipelekea kuvunjwa kwa Tawala hizo? Karibu:

Kama inavyofahamika kabla ya Ujio wa Wakoloni kulikuwa na Tawala za Jadi ambazo ziliongozwa na Machifu. Hawa walikuwa Watawala wa maeneo yao, wakilinda usalama wa himaya na mila za mkabila yao.

Wakati wa Utawala wa Wajerumani walitumia ulaghai na ilipobidi nguvu kubomoa Tawala hizo kama ule wa Chifu Mkwawa na Wale wa majimaji.

Mwaka 1919 baaďa ya Waingereza kuanza Utawala walikuta nchi ni kubwa na hawakuwa na Maafisa wa kutosha kuweza kutawala wao wenyewe hadi ngazi za chini . Basi wakaanzisha namna ya kuwatambua Watawala wa Jadi. Mfumo huo ulioitwa Native Administration uliboreshwa mwaka 1928 na Gavana Sir Donald Cameron kwa kuweka utaratibu mzuri wa Machifu hata sehemu ambazo kijadi hawakuwa nao kwa nia ya kuimarisha Utawala. Aliweka pia utaratibu wa kuwalipa Mishahara.

Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1940 Machifu wa Shinyanga na Mwanza walianzisha Baraza lao ambapo walikuwa wakikutana kwa ajili ya kujadili sera na mambo ya pamoja ya maeneo yao na baadae utaratibu huo ukarasimishwa na kufanyika kila eneo la Utawala ukijulikana kama Chiefs Council au Distruct Council na Chifu wa eneo husika kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Halmashauri.

Tarehe 14 Mei 1957 Gavana Edward Twinning aliitisha Mkutano wa Machifu (Chiefs' Convention) na kuwaeleza kuwa alikuwa na wazo la kuwataka waunde Baraza la Machifu la Taifa na kuwa umoja wao ungekuwa kama Baraza pacha na LEGCO katika kuendesha nchi kwa kutumia uzoefu wao wa mila na tamaduni. Katika kikao hicho walipata ugumu wa kumchagua Rais wao kutokana na ushindani mkubwa baina ya Abdallah Fundikira, Thomas Marealle na Adam Sapi na katika mnyukano huo Machifu wengine wakamchagua Mwami Theresa Ntare wa Kasulu kuwa Rais wao na Adam Sapi kuwa Mwenyekiti.

Wakati wa harakati za Uhuru kuanzia 1954 Nyerere alikuwa ameanzisha TANU na katika harakati zake za mwanzo alikumbana na kizingiti cha mkono wa dola ambapo katika baadhi ya sehemu hakuwa anapewa ushirikiano na Machifu ambao walikuwa upande wa Serikali ya Kikoloni. Mwaka 1956 aliteuliwa kuingia katika LEGCO lakini alijiuzuru mwaka mmoja baadae kutokana na kutotambuliwa kwa mchango wake wowote.

Baada ya Mkutano wa Tabora na Uchaguzi wa 1958 wa kura tatu na TANU kuibuka na ushindi mkubwa dhidi ya UTP na TANC basi ilionekana kuwa Machifu wasingeweza kuikwepa TANU.Hata hivyo walikuwa wamechelewa. Na katika kikao chao cha Februali 1959 Saidi Maswenya wa TANU kutoka Maswa na kwa niaba ya Chama Aliwaambia Machifu kuwa ni vyema wakadandia gari wakati muda ukiwa upande wao, vinginevyo wangeachwa. Katika kikao chao kingine mwaka huo Machifu waliamua kutumia ushawishi wao kubagain na TANU iwapo wanaiunga mkono ni maslahi gani wangelipata.

Mwalimu Nyerere aliamua kukata mizizi wa fitna kwa kuitisha kamati yao ya watu 12 ambapo kulikuwa na Chifu Amri Dodo wa Babati, John Maruma wa Rondo, Petro Marealle wa Vunjo, Abdiel Shangali wa Hai, Abdala Fundikira wa Unyanyembe, Haruna Lugusha wa Itetemia, Patrick Kunambi wa Morogoro, Michael Lukumbuzya wa Ukerewe, Kimweri Magogo wa Usambara, Mwami Theresa Ntare wa Kasulu, Adam Sapi wa Kalenga na Humbi Ziota wa Nzega...na akawaambia kuwa katika Utawala mpya hawakuwa na nafasi labda waiunge mkono TANU na pia wagombee ili kuendelea kuwepo katika Halmashauri. Na kuwa hadi kufikia Julai 1962 ingelibidi wawe wamekabidhi ofisi.

Na kweli ilipofika Julai 1962 hawakupata tena mishahara na kazi zao zikafungwa rasmi. Baadhi yao waliendelea kupewa heshima na jamii zao lakini wengi wao walibaki maskini.

Hata hivyo kuna baadhi ya Machifu waliopatana na Mwalimu kama Adam Sapi ambaye aliteuliwa kuwa Mbunge na Spika, Chifu Haruna Lugusha aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Tanganyika Agricultural Society na Michael Lukumbuzya aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Tanganyika huko India.

Rejea: The Making of Tanganyika cha Judith Listowel
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[Sky Eclat]

Waingereza walijifunza utawala wa machifu walipotawala India

Background​

Though trade with India had been highly valued by Europeans since ancient times, the long route between them was subject to many potential obstacles and obfuscations from middlemen, making trade unsafe, unreliable, and expensive. This was especially true after the collapse of the Mongol empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire all but blocked the ancient Silk Road. As Europeans, led by the Portuguese, began to explore maritime navigation routes to bypass middlemen, the distance of the venture required merchants to set up fortified posts.


The British entrusted this task to the East India Company, which initially established itself in India by obtaining permission from local authorities to own land, fortify its holdings, and conduct trade duty-free in mutually beneficial relationships. The company’s territorial paramountcy began after it became involved in hostilities, sidelining rival European companies and eventually overthrowing the nawab of Bengal and installing a puppet in 1757. The company’s control over Bengal was effectively consolidated in the 1770s when Warren Hastings brought the nawab’s administrative offices to Calcutta (now Kolkata) under his oversight. About the same time, the British Parliament began regulating the East India Company through successive India Acts, bringing Bengal under the indirect control of the British government. Over the next eight decades, a series of wars, treaties, and annexations extended the dominion of the company across the subcontinent, subjugating most of India to the determination of British governors and merchants.