Zakaria Maseke
Member
- Apr 26, 2022
- 83
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Nini maana ya STABILIZATION CLAUSE?
Stabilization clause ni Kifungu kwenye mkataba wa uwekezaji ambacho kinazuia upande mmoja (Serikali) kutunga au kufanya marekebisho ya sheria yanayo affect (kuathiri) mkataba uliosainiwa kabla ya sheria hiyo au marekebisho hayo.
Lengo ni kumlinda muwekezaji kwa kuhakikisha kuwa mkataba wake unabaki vile vile.
Scholars wanasema inaingilia uhuru wa Nchi (sovereignty) hasa kwenye kutunga Sheria za kuendesha mambo yake.
Hata hivyo, kimsingi, Stabilization clauses, haziizuii kabisa kabisa nchi kutunga Sheria mpya au kufanya marekebisho ya sheria.
Ila Stabilization clauses zinaizuia Nchi ku enforce (kutekeleza) sheria mpya dhidi ya mkataba ambao Serikali ilisaini na muwekezaji kabla ya hiyo sheria.
Unaweza kutunga Sheria mpya au kurekebisha sheria, ila haitakiwi itumike kwenye mkataba ambao mlisaini na muwekezaji kabla ya hiyo sheria. (Kwa maana kwamba, Stabilization clauses zinataka utumie sheria zile zile zilizokuwepo wakati mnaingia mkataba na muwekezaji).
HIZI NI BAADHI YA AINA ZA STABILIZATION CLAUSES:
1: INTANGIBILITY CLAUSES:
(They freeze the CONTRACT not the law)
-They provide that the signing country may not modify or terminate the CONTRACT unilaterally without CONSENT of the parties, it requires consent of the investor before any modification is made.
-Hii haikuzuii kutunga Sheria mpya au kufanya amendment, unaweza kutunga Sheria mpya, ila application ya hiyo sheria inabidi mkae mkubaliane na investor (there must be mutual understanding).
2: CLASSIC (FREEZING CLAUSES)
(They freeze the LAW of host state)
-It provides that the governing laws applicable to operations under a contract between a company and a sovereign state should be those of the state at the time the contract was executed. It intends to guarantee that the future laws of the host state will not affect the contractual relationship.
Hii inakataza kabisa nchi ku apply sheria mpya kwenye mkataba ambao mlisaini zamani kabla ya hiyo sheria kutungwa. Hata mkitunga haita - affect (kuathiri) mkataba mliosaini kabla ya hiyo Sheria.
E.g. Kama tukisaini mkataba leo (2021), mkataba utaongozwa na sheria zile zile ambazo tulitumia (kama zilivyokuwa) siku tunaingia mkataba. Sheria zote mpya zitakazotungwa baada ya kusaini mkataba will not apply. (Hii inakataza kabisa application of new law, sio kama INTANGIBILITY ambapo kuna possiblity ya unilateral change)
3: RENEGOTIATION CLAUSES
Here, Parties negotiate when there's material change. Mazingira yakibadilika, parties wanakaa mezani to negotiate so as to fit with the new environment.
4: ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM CLAUSES:
Kwa sababu scholars walisema Freezing clauses zinaingilia uhuru wa nchi (state sovereignty), hii economic equilibrium ndo imekuja sasa kama remedy. This is a Modern stabilization clause.
Freezing clauses are outdated and are not in use anymore. Freezing clauses zimepitwa na wakati, kupisha stabilization clauses zingine za kisasa kama ‘Economic Equilibrium.’ Kwa sababu sovereignty ya Nchi haiwezi kuminywa completely kwa kigezo cha classic (freezing) stabilization clause.
Now, Economic Equilibrium aim to keep the same financial position, (the ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM) of the investor as provided by the contract on the date it was signed and therefore provide protection through a renegotiation mechanism.
Ni Kifungu kwenye mkataba ambacho hakiikatazi Nchi kutunga sheria mpya. Ila nchi ikija na sheria, lazima ihakikishe ina maintain economic equilibrium iliyokuwepo wakati wanasaini mkataba. Mfano, mkibadilisha sheria inayo affect mkataba, mumlipe investor compensation, ili anapofata hii sheria mpya na yeye aendelee kubaki kiuchumii kwenye original position aliyokuwepo wakati wa mnasaini mkataba.
“They stipulate that the investor must comply with new laws, but also require that the investor be compensated for the cost of complying with the new law, so that he (investor) remains in the same economic situation he would have been in, had the laws not changed.”
“Compensation can take such forms as: adjusted tariffs, extension of the concession, tax reductions, or monetary compensation.”
“Under this clauses, the state sovereign authority is not contractually barred but is counterbalanced by the requirement to undertake renegotiation to re-balance the same economic equilibrium initially agreed between the parties.”
-Kuna uwezekano wa kufanya majadiliano, ila majadiliano hapa lengo ni moja tu, ku maintain economic equilibrium, na hakuna majadiliano mengine nje ya economic equilibrium. That's the only focus, (unlike the previous RENEGOTIATION clause ambapo wanaweza kujadiliana mambo mengi mengi).
Economic Equilibrium clauses ina types zake.
1: Stipulated
2: Renegotiated
3: Non specified
(Sitazielezea hizi leo). Karibu kwa swali au nyongeza.
Wenu katika ujenzi wa taifa,
Zakaria (0754575246).
Lawyer by profession.
Stabilization clause ni Kifungu kwenye mkataba wa uwekezaji ambacho kinazuia upande mmoja (Serikali) kutunga au kufanya marekebisho ya sheria yanayo affect (kuathiri) mkataba uliosainiwa kabla ya sheria hiyo au marekebisho hayo.
Lengo ni kumlinda muwekezaji kwa kuhakikisha kuwa mkataba wake unabaki vile vile.
Scholars wanasema inaingilia uhuru wa Nchi (sovereignty) hasa kwenye kutunga Sheria za kuendesha mambo yake.
Hata hivyo, kimsingi, Stabilization clauses, haziizuii kabisa kabisa nchi kutunga Sheria mpya au kufanya marekebisho ya sheria.
Ila Stabilization clauses zinaizuia Nchi ku enforce (kutekeleza) sheria mpya dhidi ya mkataba ambao Serikali ilisaini na muwekezaji kabla ya hiyo sheria.
Unaweza kutunga Sheria mpya au kurekebisha sheria, ila haitakiwi itumike kwenye mkataba ambao mlisaini na muwekezaji kabla ya hiyo sheria. (Kwa maana kwamba, Stabilization clauses zinataka utumie sheria zile zile zilizokuwepo wakati mnaingia mkataba na muwekezaji).
HIZI NI BAADHI YA AINA ZA STABILIZATION CLAUSES:
1: INTANGIBILITY CLAUSES:
(They freeze the CONTRACT not the law)
-They provide that the signing country may not modify or terminate the CONTRACT unilaterally without CONSENT of the parties, it requires consent of the investor before any modification is made.
-Hii haikuzuii kutunga Sheria mpya au kufanya amendment, unaweza kutunga Sheria mpya, ila application ya hiyo sheria inabidi mkae mkubaliane na investor (there must be mutual understanding).
2: CLASSIC (FREEZING CLAUSES)
(They freeze the LAW of host state)
-It provides that the governing laws applicable to operations under a contract between a company and a sovereign state should be those of the state at the time the contract was executed. It intends to guarantee that the future laws of the host state will not affect the contractual relationship.
Hii inakataza kabisa nchi ku apply sheria mpya kwenye mkataba ambao mlisaini zamani kabla ya hiyo sheria kutungwa. Hata mkitunga haita - affect (kuathiri) mkataba mliosaini kabla ya hiyo Sheria.
E.g. Kama tukisaini mkataba leo (2021), mkataba utaongozwa na sheria zile zile ambazo tulitumia (kama zilivyokuwa) siku tunaingia mkataba. Sheria zote mpya zitakazotungwa baada ya kusaini mkataba will not apply. (Hii inakataza kabisa application of new law, sio kama INTANGIBILITY ambapo kuna possiblity ya unilateral change)
3: RENEGOTIATION CLAUSES
Here, Parties negotiate when there's material change. Mazingira yakibadilika, parties wanakaa mezani to negotiate so as to fit with the new environment.
4: ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM CLAUSES:
Kwa sababu scholars walisema Freezing clauses zinaingilia uhuru wa nchi (state sovereignty), hii economic equilibrium ndo imekuja sasa kama remedy. This is a Modern stabilization clause.
Freezing clauses are outdated and are not in use anymore. Freezing clauses zimepitwa na wakati, kupisha stabilization clauses zingine za kisasa kama ‘Economic Equilibrium.’ Kwa sababu sovereignty ya Nchi haiwezi kuminywa completely kwa kigezo cha classic (freezing) stabilization clause.
Now, Economic Equilibrium aim to keep the same financial position, (the ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM) of the investor as provided by the contract on the date it was signed and therefore provide protection through a renegotiation mechanism.
Ni Kifungu kwenye mkataba ambacho hakiikatazi Nchi kutunga sheria mpya. Ila nchi ikija na sheria, lazima ihakikishe ina maintain economic equilibrium iliyokuwepo wakati wanasaini mkataba. Mfano, mkibadilisha sheria inayo affect mkataba, mumlipe investor compensation, ili anapofata hii sheria mpya na yeye aendelee kubaki kiuchumii kwenye original position aliyokuwepo wakati wa mnasaini mkataba.
“They stipulate that the investor must comply with new laws, but also require that the investor be compensated for the cost of complying with the new law, so that he (investor) remains in the same economic situation he would have been in, had the laws not changed.”
“Compensation can take such forms as: adjusted tariffs, extension of the concession, tax reductions, or monetary compensation.”
“Under this clauses, the state sovereign authority is not contractually barred but is counterbalanced by the requirement to undertake renegotiation to re-balance the same economic equilibrium initially agreed between the parties.”
-Kuna uwezekano wa kufanya majadiliano, ila majadiliano hapa lengo ni moja tu, ku maintain economic equilibrium, na hakuna majadiliano mengine nje ya economic equilibrium. That's the only focus, (unlike the previous RENEGOTIATION clause ambapo wanaweza kujadiliana mambo mengi mengi).
Economic Equilibrium clauses ina types zake.
1: Stipulated
2: Renegotiated
3: Non specified
(Sitazielezea hizi leo). Karibu kwa swali au nyongeza.
Wenu katika ujenzi wa taifa,
Zakaria (0754575246).
Lawyer by profession.