Mphamvu
JF-Expert Member
- Jan 28, 2011
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Ramani ya Lugha za Afrika, picha kwa hisani ya Nations Online
Lugha kama Kiswahili tayari ina wasemaji zaidi ya milioni mia moja na imesambaa katika nchi zote za maziwa makuu. Nchini Tanzania tayari kuna mjadala mkubwa juu ya lugha ipi iwe ya kufundishia mashuleni na vyuoni na makundi fulani ya wanazuoni wanaonekana kupigia chapuo Kiswahili.
Lugha za Yoruba, Hausa na Igbo husemwa katika nchi moja lakini kigezo cha kuwa na wasemaji wengi tayari kinazibeba. Lingala inasemwa katika nchi mbili za Zaire na Angola ingawa lahaja au lugha zinazofanana nayo zipo pia katika nchi za Gabon na Kongo Brazaville.
Kwanini tumeendelea kutumia lugha za wazungu wakoloni wakati zipo lugha zetu, kubwa na ambazo zina msingi mzuri wa usanifishaji (kigezo cha urasmi). Lugha kama Kireno inazungumzwa na idadi ndogo tu ya watu huko Ulaya, katika nchi ilimozaliwa lakini hapa Afrika imepata wateja katika nchi tatu, Angola, Msumbiji na Cape Verde huku ikifurahia hadhi ya Lugha rasmi.
Lugha kama Kijerumani, inazungumzwa katika nchi chache tu Ulaya, lakini ni Lugha rasmi na inayotambulika, hali kadhalika mataifa mengi ya Ulaya wamekuwa wakitumia lugha zao hata kama hazina wazungumzaji wengi nje ya mipaka. Kwanini Afrika tufundishwe na tulazimishwe kuwasiliana kwa lugha ngeni hata kama zina ukakasi kwa wasemaji?
Tujadili kama kuna namna yoyote ya kuondokana na utumwa huu usio na sababu.
Hapa chini ni orodha ya nchi za Kiafrika na lugha zinazozungumzwa humo.
[TABLE="width: 678"]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1, width: 96"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1, width: 226"]
Country[/TD]
[TD="class: border1, width: 312"]Official and national Languages [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Algeria[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic,
Berber languages, four dialects (by constitutional amendment)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Angola[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Portuguese[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Narrow Bantu like Umbundu and other African languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Benin[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north).[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Botswana[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Setswana (national language with minor differences in dialects), English is the official business language and it is widely spoken in urban areas.[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Burkina Faso[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Burundi[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Kirundi, French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area).[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Cameroon[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English, French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]24 major African language groups.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Cape Verde[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Portuguese[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Kabuverdianu (Crioulo) (a blend of Portuguese and West African words).[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Central African Republic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French, Sangho (lingua franca and national language)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Banda, Gbaya and other tribal languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Chad[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French, Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Comoros[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic, French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic).[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Democratic Republic of the Congo[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Congo, Republic of the[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread).[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Côte d'Ivoire[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Djibouti[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French, Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Somali, Afar[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Egypt[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English and French widely understood by educated classes.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Equatorial Guinea[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Spanish, French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Eritrea[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Tigrinya (Tigrigna), Arabic, English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Tigré (second major language), Afar, Bedawi, Kunama, other Cushitic languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Ethiopia[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Amharic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Tigrinya, Oromo, Gurage, Somali, Arabic, 80 other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Gabon[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Bantu languages like Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Gambia, The[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Ghana[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]African languages (including Akan, Adangme, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Guinea[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French (spoken by 15-20%)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Eight national languages, Soussou (Susu, in coastal Guinea), Peulh (Fulani, in Northrn Guinea), Maninka (Upper Guinea), Kissi (Kissidougou Region), Toma and Guerze (Kpelle) in rain forest Guinea; plus various ethnic groups with their own language.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Guinea-Bissau[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Portuguese[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Crioulo (a mixture of Portuguese and African), other African languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Kenya[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English, Kiswahili[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]numerous indigenous languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Lesotho[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Sesotho (southern Sotho), English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Zulu, Xhosa.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Liberia[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English 20%[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Libya[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Madagascar[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French, Malagasy[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Malawi[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English, Nyanja (Chichewa, Chewa)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Lomwe, Tumbuka, Yao, other languages important regionally.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Mali[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Bambara (Bamanakan), Arabic and numerous dialects of Dogoso, Fulfulde, Koyracini, Senoufou, and Mandinka/Malinké (Maninkakan), Tamasheq are also widely spoken.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Mauritania[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Hassaniya Arabic, Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, French[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Mauritius[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English, French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Morocco[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Mozambique[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Portuguese (spoken by 27% of population as a second language)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Namibia[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English 7%[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Niger[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Hausa, Djerma[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Nigeria[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, Ijaw, Ibibio and about 250 other indigenous languages spoken by the different ethnic groups.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Réunion[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Creole widely used[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Rwanda[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Rwanda (Kinyarwanda, Bantu vernacular) French, English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Saint Helena[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]São Tomé and Príncipe[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Portuguese[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Senegal[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Seychelles[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English, French[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Creole[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Sierra Leone[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English (regular use limited to literate minority)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Somalia[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Somali[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic, Italian, English[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]South Africa[/TD]
[TD="class: border1, colspan: 2"]11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, Pedi, Sesotho (Sotho), siSwati (Swazi), Xitsonga (Tsonga), Tswana, Tshivenda (Venda), isiXhosa, isiZulu[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Sudan/South Sudan[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English. note: program of "Arabization" in process[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Swaziland[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English (government business conducted in English), siSwati[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Tanzania, United Republic of[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Kiswahili (Swahili), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), Gogo, Haya, Makonde, Nyakyusa, Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Tumbuka, many other local languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Togo[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French (the language of commerce)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Tunisia[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Arabic (and the languages of commerce)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]French (commerce)[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Uganda[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English (used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts)[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Ganda (Luganda; most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Acoli, Swahili, Arabic[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Western Sahara[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Zambia[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="class: border1"][/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Zimbabwe[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]English[/TD]
[TD="class: border1"]Chishona (Shona), Sindebele (Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects like: Sotho and Nambya, Shangani, Venda, Chewa, Nyanja, and Tonga.[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]