Brucellosis

KAKA A TAIFA · 2011-06-10T07:15:52+00:00

Ni ugonjwa ambao pia huambukiza binadamu na mifugo,mbaya zaidi kwa wanyama na ngombe hasa wakati wa uzazi.maambukizi hutokana na binadamu au mnyama kugusa ,kula masalia ambayo yanatoka kwa mwathirika wa ugonjwa huu.wakati wa kujamiana pia huleta maambukizi.wanyama wakati wapo kwenye joto na kukutana na madume hupata maambukizi pia.dalili za mwanzo za ugonjwa huu kwa binadamu ni pamoja na homa kali,kichwa kuuma sana sehemu ya katikati kuelekea paji la uso,kutoa mimba ikifikia mwezi wa tatu,hii hata kwa wanyama ipo.kinga:wanyama wanatakiwa wapatiwe chanjo kila mwaka .wataalamu wa mifugo /watu wengine wanatakiwa kuvaa gloves wakati wanahudumia katika mambo ya uzazi.hata hivyo matibabu ni muhimuWhat is brucellosis?Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria from the genus Brucella. It is an infection that affects mainly animals, including goats, sheep, camels, pigs, elk, deer, cattle, and dogs. Humans develop brucellosis when they come in contact with contaminated animals or animal products. The symptoms of brucellosis often resemble a flu-like illness. Human brucellosis is a disease that is found worldwide, and it has an annual occurrence rate of more than 500,000 cases. Brucellosis tends to occur more commonly in regions with less established animal-disease-control programs and in areas where public-health initiatives may be less effective. High-risk areas include the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. In the United States, brucellosis is much less common, with only 100-200 human cases reported each year. This decrease in cases in the United States is felt to be due to effective animal vaccination programs and milk pasteurization. What causes brucellosis?Brucellosis is a systemic infectious disease transmitted from certain animals to humans (zoonotic disease). Brucellosis in humans is predominantly caused by four different species of Brucella bacteria: Brucella melitensis (goats, sheep, camels), Brucella suis (pigs), Brucella abortus (cows, buffalo, elk, camels, yaks), and Brucella canis (dogs). Though all of these species can cause human brucellosis, Brucella melitensis is the most prevalent worldwide, and it is felt to cause the most severe cases of brucellosis. How is brucellosis transmitted?Brucellosis is transmitted from animals to humans in several ways. The most common route of transmission occurs when humans consume raw milk or cheese from infected sheep and goats. Infected animals shed the organism into their milk, and if humans eat or drink unpasteurized dairy products from these affected animals, they can develop brucellosis. Brucellosis can also be transmitted to humans via inhalation of the organism or by direct contact with infected animal secretions. The bacteria can gain entry into the body through the inhalation of aerosolized secretions, through breaks in the skin, or through exposure of the mucous membranes/conjunctiva from the splashing of infected secretions. With these routes of entry, brucellosis is an occupational disease that can affect veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers, butchers, hunters, laboratory personnel, and those individuals who work closely with livestock (for example, farmers and shepherds). Finally, an accidental injection with the livestock vaccine used against Brucella abortus can also lead to brucellosis in humans. Human-to-human transmission is very rare (via sexual contact and breastfeeding). What are the symptoms and signs of brucellosis?The symptoms and signs of brucellosis may develop from days to months after the initial exposure to the organism (incubation period). While some individuals may develop mild symptoms, others may go on to develop long-term chronic symptoms. The signs and symptoms of brucellosis are extensive and they can be similar to many other febrile illnesses. They include fever (the most common finding, and it may be intermittent and relapsing), How is brucellosis diagnosed?Making the diagnosis of brucellosis can sometimes be difficult because of the similar symptoms and signs shared with other febrile illnesses. An accurate history obtained by your health-care provider (including travel history, occupation, animal exposure, etc.) may be very helpful in raising the suspicion of brucellosis as a possible diagnosis. In general, blood tests and blood/tissue cultures are necessary for making the diagnosis of brucellosis. Common blood tests used to make the diagnosis include testing for antibodies against the bacteria and isolating the organism from blood cultures. A biopsy of body tissue (from the bone marrow or the liver, for example) can also assist in making the diagnosis. Additional blood tests may demonstrate anemia, low platelets, a low white blood cell count, and elevated liver function tests. Other imaging studies and procedures may also be performed initially depending on the individual's signs and symptoms. These tests may include CT scan, MRI, X-ray, ultrasound, lumbar puncture (spinal tap), joint aspiration, or an electrocardiogram (ECG). What is the treatment for brucellosis?The cornerstone of treatment for brucellosis is antibiotics. Because of the high relapse rate associated with the disease, the use of a multidrug (two or more) antibiotic regimen is recommended. The antimicrobials most commonly used include doxycycline (Vibramycin), streptomycin, rifampin (Rifadin), gentamicin (Garamycin), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). The combination of antibiotics used will vary based on disease severity, age and pregnancy. In general, a full six-week course of antibiotics is recommended, and prompt treatment can lead to an improvement in symptoms and may also prevent the complications associated with brucellosis. However, relapse rates of the disease are still about 5%-10%, even with treatment. Depending on the severity of illness, the associated complications (if any) and the timing of treatment, recovery may take from a few weeks to a few months. Rarely, surgical intervention may be needed for certain complications associated with brucellosis, such as abscess formation or heart-valve infection. Your health-care provider may need to consult other physicians, including surgeons, infectious disease specialists, or a neurologist. What are the complications of brucellosis?In general, if treated appropriately with antibiotics in a timely manner after the onset of symptoms, the prognosis for patients with brucellosis is excellent. The mortality rate is low (<2%). However, several potential complications can develop and may include involvement of the following organ systems: How can brucellosis be prevented?The prevention of brucellosis can be achieved through various measures. The most important step in preventing brucellosis in humans begins with the control and/or eradication of the infection in animals who serve as a reservoir. This requires a coordinated effort between local public-health organizations and animal-disease-control entities. The most effective measures to achieve this objective include animal vaccination programs, animal testing, and the elimination of infected animals. There is no human vaccine currently available. In areas where eradication of the disease may not be possible, preventive measures are aimed at reducing the risk of transmission to humans. These measures may include pasteurization of dairy products; avoiding the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, including milk and cheese; avoiding the consumption of undercooked meat; using appropriate barrier precautions (goggles, gloves, masks, etc) to avoid exposure to aerosols and body fluids for those with an occupational risk for brucellosis; warning laboratory workers about potentially infected specimens so that appropriate biosafety level III precautions can be taken.

Thread starter KAKA A TAIFA
Start date Jun 10, 2011

KAKA A TAIFA

JF-Expert Member

Jun 10, 2011

Riwa

Platinum Member

Jun 10, 2011

chapamamba

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