Chimbuko la Uislam na Karen Armstrong

[Kiranga]

Kwahiyo unanukuu fyongokwa lengo la kunipotezea muda,hii ndiyo maana yake,kama ungekuwa unajijua kwa namna gani una uwezo mdogo wa kunukuu maneno hata kwa maana,basi hili kwako ni aula zaidi uwe unanukuu namba ya post,ili uepukane na makosa ya kiufahamu kama unayoyafanya humu.

Hiki nilichokiandika katika post # 1239, laiti kama ungekielewa usinge endelea kuandika ujinga unai dhihirisha ufahamu wako mdogo na usahaulifu wako.

Hapa hata nikikwambia onyesha kwa kunukuu nilichokiandika wapi yamepingana maneno yangu hutaweza.

Aisee nimejaaliwa kumbukumbu nzuri sana na Mola wangu.

Karata tatu ni uchawi au ni triki tu si uchawi?

Umetoa majibu yote mawili ukajichanganya mwenyewe..

 

[Kisai]

Karata tatu ni uchawi au ni triki tu si uchawi?

Soma post # 998.

Umetoa majibu yote mawili ukajichanganya mwenyewe..

Sijatoa majibu mawili. Shida hutunzi kumbukumbu ndiyo maana nikakwambia hivi tukiamua unukuu nilichokiandika neno kwa neno huwezi kukuta hichi unacho kidai,sehemu niliposema kwamba si kila triki ni uchawi nilipokuwa nakosoa mfano wako wa Mwanasiasa.

Kijana ukitaka kujadiliana na mimi hakikisha una kumbukumbu nzuri na uwe na uwezo mkubwa tena ulio tukuka wa kunukuu.

 

[Mmeme]

Soma post # 998.

Sijatoa majibu mawili. Shida hutunzi kumbukumbu ndiyo maana nikakwambia hivi tukiamua unukuu nilichokiandika neno kwa neno huwezi kukuta hichi unacho kidai,sehemu niliposema kwamba si kila triki ni uchawi nilipokuwa nakosoa mfano wako wa Mwanasiasa.

Kijana ukitaka kujadiliana na mimi hakikisha una kumbukumbu nzuri na uwe na uwezo mkubwa tena ulio tukuka wa kunukuu.

Kiranga kimyaaaaa! Sindano imemwingia

 

[Che mittoga]

4:79 - Jema lilio kufikia limetokana na Mwenyezi Mungu. Na ovu lilio kusibu linatokana na nafsi yako. Nasi tumekutuma kwa watu uwe ni Mtume. Na Mwenyezi Mungu ni shahidi wa kutosha.

[ Je 'Nasi' ni akina nani ?
Ilibidi nitumie muda kidogo kupitia baadhi ya Aya ili kuona ni akina nani wanajitambulisha kama
"Nasi" katika Qurani ]

Surat Al-Jinn.
Sura ya Majini inasema.

72:1 - Sema: Imefunuliwa kwangu ya kuwa kundi moja la majini lilisikiliza, na likasema: Hakika sisi tumeisikia Qur'ani ya ajabu!

72:2 - Inaongoza kwenye uwongofu, kwa hivyo tumeiamini, wala hatutamshirikisha yeyote na Mola wetu Mlezi.

72:3 - Na kwa hakika utukufu wa Mola wetu Mlezi umetukuka kabisa; hana mke wala mwana.

72:4 - Na kwa hakika wapumbavu miongoni mwetu walikuwa wakisema uwongo ulio pindukia mipaka juu ya Mwenyezi Mungu.

72:5 - 'Nasi' tulidhani kuwa watu na majini hawamzulii uwongo Mwenyezi Mungu.

72:6 - Na hakika walikuwako wanaume katika watu walio kuwa wakitafuta kujikinga kwa wanaume wa kijini; kwa hivyo wakawazidisha madhambi.

72:7 - Na kwa hakika wao walidhani, kama mlivyo dhani nyinyi, ya kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu hatamleta Mtume.

72:8 - 'Nasi' tulizigusa mbingu, na tukaziona zimejaa walinzi wenye nguvu na vimondo.

72:9 - Na hakika tulikuwa tukikaa humo katika baadhi ya makao ili kusikiliza; lakini sasa anaye taka kusikiliza atakuta kimondo kinamvizia!

72:10 - 'Nasi' hatujui kama wanatakiwa shari wale wanao kaa kwenye ardhi au Mola wao Mlezi anawatakia uwongofu.

72:11 - Na hakika katika sisi wamo walio wema, na wengine wetu ni kinyume na hivyo. Tumekuwa njia mbali mbali.

72:12 - 'Nasi' tulijua kuwa hatutomshinda Mwenyezi Mungu duniani, wala hatuwezi kumponyoka kwa kukimbia.

72:13 - 'Nasi' tulipo usikia uwongofu tuliuamini. Basi mwenye kumuamini Mola wake Mlezi basi haogopi kupunjwa wala kudhulumiwa.

[ Kutokana na hizo Aya, ni wazi kabisa Sura ya An-Nisaa.
yaani 4: 79.
Inaelezea jinsi Majini yalivyomtuma Muhammadi kwa watu ili awe mtume na Mwenyezi Mungu akiwa anashuhudia.
Na kwakuwa Majini hayo pasi na shaka yalikuwa ni Maislamu basi hakuna shaka yoyote ile ujumbe uliotumwa ulitimiza lengo husika]

 

[Akhi]

4:79 - Jema lilio kufikia limetokana na Mwenyezi Mungu. Na ovu lilio kusibu linatokana na nafsi yako. Nasi tumekutuma kwa watu uwe ni Mtume. Na Mwenyezi Mungu ni shahidi wa kutosha.

[ Je 'Nasi' ni akina nani ?
Ilibidi nitumie muda kidogo kupitia baadhi ya Aya ili kuona ni akina nani wanajitambulisha kama
"Nasi" katika Qurani ]

Surat Al-Jinn.
Sura ya Majini inasema.

72:1 - Sema: Imefunuliwa kwangu ya kuwa kundi moja la majini lilisikiliza, na likasema: Hakika sisi tumeisikia Qur'ani ya ajabu!

72:2 - Inaongoza kwenye uwongofu, kwa hivyo tumeiamini, wala hatutamshirikisha yeyote na Mola wetu Mlezi.

72:3 - Na kwa hakika utukufu wa Mola wetu Mlezi umetukuka kabisa; hana mke wala mwana.

72:4 - Na kwa hakika wapumbavu miongoni mwetu walikuwa wakisema uwongo ulio pindukia mipaka juu ya Mwenyezi Mungu.

72:5 - 'Nasi' tulidhani kuwa watu na majini hawamzulii uwongo Mwenyezi Mungu.

72:6 - Na hakika walikuwako wanaume katika watu walio kuwa wakitafuta kujikinga kwa wanaume wa kijini; kwa hivyo wakawazidisha madhambi.

72:7 - Na kwa hakika wao walidhani, kama mlivyo dhani nyinyi, ya kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu hatamleta Mtume.

72:8 - 'Nasi' tulizigusa mbingu, na tukaziona zimejaa walinzi wenye nguvu na vimondo.

72:9 - Na hakika tulikuwa tukikaa humo katika baadhi ya makao ili kusikiliza; lakini sasa anaye taka kusikiliza atakuta kimondo kinamvizia!

72:10 - 'Nasi' hatujui kama wanatakiwa shari wale wanao kaa kwenye ardhi au Mola wao Mlezi anawatakia uwongofu.

72:11 - Na hakika katika sisi wamo walio wema, na wengine wetu ni kinyume na hivyo. Tumekuwa njia mbali mbali.

72:12 - 'Nasi' tulijua kuwa hatutomshinda Mwenyezi Mungu duniani, wala hatuwezi kumponyoka kwa kukimbia.

72:13 - 'Nasi' tulipo usikia uwongofu tuliuamini. Basi mwenye kumuamini Mola wake Mlezi basi haogopi kupunjwa wala kudhulumiwa.

[ Kutokana na hizo Aya, ni wazi kabisa Sura ya An-Nisaa.
yaani 4: 79.
Inaelezea jinsi Majini yalivyomtuma Muhammadi kwa watu ili awe mtume na Mwenyezi Mungu akiwa anashuhudia.
Na kwakuwa Majini hayo pasi na shaka yalikuwa ni Maislamu basi hakuna shaka yoyote ile ujumbe uliotumwa ulitimiza lengo husika]

Naona jamaa kaenda kujitutumua wiki 2 nzima alete hizi aya

Nakwambia tena kma kitabu cha kiswahili ambayo ni lugha yko mama umefundishwa ndo ukpta kujua maana ya Nahau,Sarufi na vyenginevo sasa itakuaje kiarabu ambacho ata hujui ata kuuliza hali?
Jitafakari kijana acha ububusa.

 

[Mokiti]

Naona jamaa kaenda kujitutumua wiki 2 nzima alete hizi aya

Nakwambia tena kma kitabu cha kiswahili ambayo ni lugha yko mama umefundishwa ndo ukpta kujua maana ya Nahau,Sarufi na vyenginevo sasa itakuaje kiarabu ambacho ata hujui ata kuuliza hali?
Jitafakari kijana acha ububusa.

Embu mujibu ao nasi ni kina nani?
4:79 - Jema lilio kufikia limetokana na Mwenyezi Mungu. Na ovu lilio kusibu linatokana na nafsi yako. Nasi tumekutuma kwa watu uwe ni Mtume. Na Mwenyezi Mungu ni shahidi wa kutosha.

 

[Mokiti]

Yni sijui hufahamu sbr nikufahamishe tena

Allah hutumia nafsi ya wingi na umoja ili kujifakharisha kutokana na ufalme wake

Sasa akisema Nasi apo ametumia nafsi ya wingi ili kujifakharisha yy lkn ni yy Allah peke ake ndio afanyayo yote hayo

Raisi watz akiwa anahutubia atasema sisi watz kwani apo Raisi ameshirikiana na nani apo si yupo peke ake apo anapohutubia lkn husema sisi

N.b.Sio kila mtu anaweza kuitafsiri Qur'an kwaio usitumie akili yko ndogo kuitafsiri Qur'an kma hujui Uliza

4:79 - Jema lilio kufikia limetokana na Mwenyezi Mungu. Na ovu lilio kusibu linatokana na nafsi yako. Nasi tumekutuma kwa watu uwe ni Mtume. Na Mwenyezi Mungu ni shahidi wa kutosha.

Kuna maali tunaachana kwenye hoja , unadai nasi ni Allah , sawa Allah kamtuma mtume , huyu Mungu ambae Kawa shahidi Allah anapo mtuma Muhammad ni yupi?

 

[Xiang Hao]

Mwanzoni zilikuwa mbili. Baadae katika kuwaridhisha/kuwashawishi/kutafuta kukubalika kwa wayahudi waliompokea Madina, Muhamad aliamrisha ziwe tatu kuendana nao. Sasa zilifikaje tano. Tuendelee na usomaji hapa.

simulizi yako haifanani na vitabu vya waislamu wenyewe, ukipata muda anza na huraswa nurul yaqin

 

[Akhi]

simulizi yako haifanani na vitabu vya waislamu wenyewe, ukipata muda anza na huraswa nurul yaqin

Izo ni chuki tuu walokua nazo hao wala hawajui ukweli ni upi wao wakishamezeshwa chuki wanazibeba kma zilivo

 

[Akhi]

Mwanzoni zilikuwa mbili. Baadae katika kuwaridhisha/kuwashawishi/kutafuta kukubalika kwa wayahudi waliompokea Madina, Muhamad aliamrisha ziwe tatu kuendana nao. Sasa zilifikaje tano. Tuendelee na usomaji hapa.

Lete maandiko usilete porojo kama hizi

 

[Akhi]

Kuna kitu najiuliza kuhusu idadi ya sala kwa waislamu,nataka kujua sala ni mara tano kwa siku au mara mbili kwa siku? , manake ktk sehemu yako ya PILI ya mada hii umeeleza kusali mara mbili na pia kuna aya kwenye Quran zinaongelea kuhusu kumsujudia mola mara mbili.

lete hiyo Aya

 

[Xiang Hao]

Mwanzoni zilikuwa mbili. Baadae katika kuwaridhisha/kuwashawishi/kutafuta kukubalika kwa wayahudi waliompokea Madina, Muhamad aliamrisha ziwe tatu kuendana nao. Sasa zilifikaje tano. Tuendelee na usomaji hapa.

ukipata wakati soma kuhusu kisa cha israa na miraj utafahamu kuwa swala za mwanzo sio mbili zilianza 50+

 

[Xiang Hao]

SEHEMU YA VI- SUNNI &. SHIA


A. Sunni.
Jina hili lilitoka na Al Sunna maana yake (wafuasi wa tamaduni i.e mila na desturi za Quran na mafundisho ya Muhamad). Wakati Muhamad amefariki, vigogo walioketi kumteua mrithi walimteua aliyekuwa mfuasi mkubwa wa Muhamad na pia baba wa mke wa pili wa Muhamad aliyeitwa Abu Bakar kuwa ndiye anafaa kuwa mrithi sababu ana elimu kubwa ya uongozi na alikuwa na Busara sana (to me naona ni hoja ya msingi). Waislam wengi waliokubaliana na Uteuzi huu. Hivyo kundi hili likaamini kiongozi wa Kiislam [Caliphate (au Khalifa kwa kiswahili)], anapaswa yule mwenye kufuata na kuzijua Mafundisho ya Muhammad na Quran, kundi hili liliitwa Sunni (wasunni), walikuwa wengi, na hadi leo duniani linahusisha karibu 80+% ya waislam wote duniani.

Nchi nyingi duniani ni Sunni Muslim ( kama nilivyosema hapo juu 80+%). Kwa M.E nchi za Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Uturuki na Syria.

B. Shiite/ Shia ( Shiat al Ali - Part/descendants of Ali). -(Washia).

Lakini kapo kakikundi kadogo kalikopinga Abu Bakar kuwa Mrithi wa Muhamad, na kiongozi wa Waislam. Hawa walitaka Ali ibn Talib awe mrithi. Huyu alikuwa ni Binamu wa Muhamad na amemuoa mtoto wa Muhamad aitwaye Fatma. Hivyo wao msimamo wao ni kuwa mrithi alipaswa atoke kwenye damu (ukoo) wa Muhamad mwenyewe-bloodline, kama ilivyokuwa utamaduni wa Kiarabu. Ikumbukwe kuwa Ali, alikuwa ni mmoja wa baraza la vigogo walioshiriki kikao cha kumteua mrithi wa Muhamad kilichompitisha Abu Bakar. Hivyo hawa hawakumtambua Abu Bakar kama Kiongozi wao, hadi mwaka 634, Ali alipokuwa Khalifa baada ya Abu Bakar kufariki. Duniani washia wako kama 10+ %.

Ndani ya M.E Nchi za Iran(90+), Iraq (60+), Bahrain(70+%), Azerbaijan(80%) ndio zenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya washia duniani. Lebanon and Yemen pia takribani nusu ya idadi yao ya watu ni washia. Pia nchi za Saudi Arabia (est 5-10%), Kuwait (abt 36%), Oman(
Lakini pia nao wamegawanyika zaidi. Na migawanyiko hii kwa kiasi kikubwa imetokana na waumini kuwa wafuasi wa wanazuoni fulani fulani wa kiislam (maulamaa) kutoka kwenye madhehebu hayo ya Sunni au Shia

Sunni na Migawanyiko yake:

Hapa licha ya kukubaliana kuwa Khalifa ni lazima atokane na muislam mwenye sifa, lakini hutofautiana kuhusu mafundisho ya sheria za Kiislam. Hapa yapo Makundi Manne, Wahanafi, Wamaliki, Washafii na Wahanbali.
Hawa

[emoji830]Wahanafi.
Hawa ni wafuasi wa mafunzo ya Imamu(mwalimu) Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man aliyezaliwa Iraq na kuishi Iraq miaka ya 700, mafunzo yake yanafuatwa sana huko Asia ya kati, Afghanistan, Pakistan, maeneo ya Levante (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan) India, Bangladesh, Northern Egypt na Turkey, Pia waislam wengi wa Urusi ni wafuasi wahanafi. Pia waislam waliopo nchi za Balkan (slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania.)

[emoji830]Wamaliki.
Hawa ni wasunni wanaofuata mafundisho ya Imam Malik Bin Anas, aliyekuwa mtu wa Madina miaka ya 700 pia. Mafunzo yameshamiri maeneo ya North Africa, West Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, baadhi ya maeneo ya Saudi Arabia na Kaskazini mwa Misri.

[emoji830]Washafii.
Hawa ni wasunni wanaofuata mafunzo ya Imam Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i mzaliwa wa Gaza, aliyeishi miaka ya 800. Mafunzo yake ni maarufu Huko Hejaz Saudi Arabia, Mashariki ya Misri, Indonesia, Malaysia, Jordan, Palestine, Singapore, Filipino, Somalia , Thailand, Yemen, Kurdistan, Pia baadhi ya waislam wahindi. Nchini Iraq na Syria pia wako kwa kiasi kikubwa.

[emoji830]Wahanbal
Wasunni hawa, hufuata mafunzo ya Ulamaa, Ahmed Bin Hanbal (Jina lake kamili ni Abū ʿAbdillāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal Ash-Shaybānī, kifupi Ibin Hanbal), aliyeishi karne ya 19 kutoka Iraqi (kumbuka Iraq Wasunni ni wachache). Wafuasi hawa wako zaidi Saudi Arabia, Qatar pia kwa uchache wako Iraq na Syria. Mafunzo ya Hanbal ni ya kiitikadi kali na yana mafungamano na Jihadi.

Note: Pia wafuasi wa Salafi ni hufuata mafunzo ya Hanbal. Salaf ni neno maana yake wahenga/waasisi. Hii ni harakati katika uislam inayopigania mabadiliko huku msisitizo wao ni kurudi kwenye mafunzo na matendo ya wahenga wa kiislam. Vuguvugu hili kimsingi wanaamini kuwa waislam halisi walikuwa kizazi cha kwanza hadi cha tatu cha waislam (kutoka kwa Muhamad 600+ years hadi 900+ yrs) walikuwa ndio waislam sahihi. Wanachokipigania hawa ni maisha ya waislam yawe katika misingi ya Quran na Sunna (Matendo ya Muhamad). Vuguvugu hili lilianzishwa miaka ya 1800 kupambana na influence ya western culture and education. Pia wanaaminika kuwa influenced na wahabia.

Wahabia. Ni vuguvugu la kiislam la Kisuni linalopigania mabadiliko ndani ya Uislam lilioanzishwa Saudi Arabia na Mohamed Ibn Abd al-Wahhab miaka ya 1700. Hawa wanapigania Mafunzo ya kiitikadi kali ya imani kwa Allah na tafsiri ya Quran na Uislam bila kupindisha neno. Wahabia wanaamini Muislam yeyote asiyekuwa na mafungamano au mtazamo huo, basi huyo ni Kaffir (mchafu/aliyelaanika/asiye Muislam) na ni adui wa Uislam. Vuguvugu hili kwa kiasi kikubwa linapata fedha kutoka kwa Serikali ya Saudi Arabia [ili kueneza dini!!!!] Kundi kama ISIS ni wafuasi/sehemu ya Vuguvugu hili.

Washia na Mgawanyo wao:

Hivyo kama tulivyosema hapo juu, Washia wanaamini Khalifa wao wa Kwanza ni Ali bin Talib. Baada ya hapo wakafuata Makhalifa wengine au pia huwaita Maimam (sababu ni walimu wao kiimani).


Washia wako makundi makuu mawili.

i. Imamiyah au Twelvers.
Hawa ni washia wanaoamini kuwa baada ga kifo cha Muhamad, kulifuata Maimam 12 walioongoza Uislam huku imam wa mwisho, Muhamad Al Mahid aliyezaliwa mwaka 870 huko Abissas Empire (Iraq ya Leo) na kupotea akiwa na miaka mi5 atarejea miaka ya baadae akiwa na Nabii Isa (Yesu) na kuwakomboa walimwengu. Wafuasi wa Kikundi hiki wanapatikana Iran, Iraq, Pakistani, Uhindi, Bangladesh, Shamu, Lebanon, Kuwait, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Bahrain, Uarabuni ya Saudia, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Urusi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Somalia, Zaire, Malagasy, Ungazija, Uingereza, Marekani. Pia chini yao kuna madhehebu Mengine ambayo yanapingana kuhusu idadi ya hao maimamu, wengine wakiwakataa baadhi ya maimamu.

Hawa ndio 12 Imams;

1. Ali bin Abi Talib
2. Hasan bin Ali
3. Husain bin Ali
4. Ali bin Husain
5. Muhammad bin Ali
6. Jaafar bin Muhammad
7. Musa bin Jaafar
8. Ali bin Musa
9. Muhammad bin Ali
10. Ali bin Muhammad
11. Hasan bin Ali
12. Muhammad bin Hasan (aliyetoweka akiwa na miaka 5 na atagemewa kurudi kuwakomboa).

ii. Ismailiya:
Hawa washia wanaamini kuwa Uimamu baada ya Imamu Jaafar Sadiq [huyo watano hapo juu] ulichukuliwa na mwanawe Ismail.

Maismailiya Wamegawanyika tena katika Madhehebu mawili; Aga Khan na Bohora.

Maagha Khani:
Hawa hufahamika zaidi kwa jina la Maismailiya hapa Afrika ya Mashariki na sehemu nyinginezo, ingawa vitabu vya kidini huwaita Nazariya. Wanamwamini Mtukufu Karim Aga Khan IV kuwa ni Imamu wao wa 49.

Mabohora:
Hawa Wanaamini kuwa Imamu wa 21 yu katika Ghaib (haonekani) na yu hai. Kwa wakati huu kiongozi wa jamii yao anaitwa Mufaddal Saifuddin akiishi Bombay, India.

ufafanuzi wako huu unapingana na kitabu cha kiislamu kinaitwa siyaru alami annubala

 

[Mokiti]

Izo ni chuki tuu walokua nazo hao wala hawajui ukweli ni upi wao wakishamezeshwa chuki wanazibeba kma zilivo

Ukiona mtu anapotosha wewe weka ukweli , utakuwa umemmaliza kabisa na hata rudia

swali la sisi tumemtuma hujajibu mpaka leo

 

[Akhi]

Ukiona mtu anapotosha wewe weka ukweli , utakuwa umemmaliza kabisa na hata rudia

swali la sisi tumemtuma hujajibu mpaka leo

Yni asojua maana haambiwi maana
mm ilo swali nishalijibu
nashangaa ww yle maswali ma3 mpk leo hujayajibu na hutoweza kuyajibu mpk unakufa

Hlf siongei na ww kma ukitaka kuongea na mm jibu yale maswali yangu

 

[Mokiti]

Yni asojua maana haambiwi maana
mm ilo swali nishalijibu
nashangaa ww yle maswali ma3 mpk leo hujayajibu na hutoweza kuyajibu mpk unakufa

Hlf siongei na ww kma ukitaka kuongea na mm jibu yale maswali yangu

niambie maswali yapo post namba ngapi?
swali hujajibu , Allah kamtuma mtume alafu mwenyezi mungu kawa shaidi , embu jibu kwa kina

 

[Mokiti]

Yni asojua maana haambiwi maana
mm ilo swali nishalijibu
nashangaa ww yle maswali ma3 mpk leo hujayajibu na hutoweza kuyajibu mpk unakufa

Hlf siongei na ww kma ukitaka kuongea na mm jibu yale maswali yangu

aya maswali yapo post number ngapi?

 

[CKALU]

Na hata hao Wayahudi wameibadilisha sana Biblia na walivyoiandika awali si inavyotafsiriwa leo, Biblia na Quran ni mkusanyiko wa vitabu vilivyoandikwa na watu wakipambana na mazingira yao, hizi habari za Mungu kuwapo ni za kimapokeo zaidi ya ukweli.

Ukisoma wasomi wa Biblia wanakueleza kwamba inavyotafsiriwa na waumini wengi ni tofauti sana na ukweli wa mambo.

Mfano mzuri ni hiki kitabu cha Profesa James L Kugel aliyekuwa anafundisha masomo ya Biblia Harvard, kachambua vizuri sana jinsi Biblia ilivyobadilishwa sana na tofauti kati ya inavyotafsiriwa na ilivyo kiukweli.

How to Read the Bible | James Kugel

In How to Read the Bible, Harvard professor James Kugel leads the reader chapter by chapter through the "quiet revolution" of recent biblical scholarship, showing time and again how radically the interpretations of today's researchers differ from what people have always thought. The story of...

www.jameskugel.com

How to Read the Bible​

A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now​

READ AN EXCERPT
Scholars from different fields have joined forces to reexamine every aspect of the Hebrew Bible. Their research, carried out in universities and seminaries in Europe and America, has revolutionized our understanding of almost every chapter and verse. But have they killed the Bible in the process?

In How to Read the Bible, Harvard professor James Kugel leads the reader chapter by chapter through the “quiet revolution” of recent biblical scholarship, showing time and again how radically the interpretations of today’s researchers differ from what people have always thought. The story of Adam and Eve, it turns out, was not originally about the “Fall of Man,” but about the move from a primitive, hunter-gatherer society to a settled, agricultural one. As for the stories of Cain and Abel, Abraham and Sarah, and Jacob and Esau, these narratives were not, at their origin, about individual people at all but, rather, explanations of some feature of Israelite society as it existed centuries after these figures were said to have lived. Dinah was never raped — her story was created by an editor to solve a certain problem in Genesis. In the earliest version of the Exodus story, Moses probably did not divide the Red Sea in half; instead, the Egyptians perished in a storm at sea. Whatever the original Ten Commandments might have been, scholars are quite sure they were different from the ones we have today. What’s more, the people long supposed to have written various books of the Bible were not, in the current consensus, their real authors: David did not write the Psalms, Solomon did not write Proverbs or Ecclesiastes; indeed, there is scarcely a book in the Bible that is not the product of different, anonymous authors and editors working in different periods.

Such findings pose a serious problem for adherents of traditional, Bible-based faiths. Hiding from the discoveries of modern scholars seems dishonest, but accepting them means undermining much of the Bible’s reliability and authority as the word of God. What to do? In his search for a solution, Kugel leads the reader back to a group of ancient biblical interpreters who flourished at the end of the biblical period. Far from naïve, these interpreters consciously set out to depart from the original meaning of the Bible’s various stories, laws, and prophecies — and they, Kugel argues, hold the key to solving the dilemma of reading the Bible today.

How to Read the Bible is, quite simply, the best, most original book about the Bible in decades. It offers an unflinching, insider’s look at the work of today’s scholars, together with a sustained consideration of what the Bible was for most of its history — before the rise of modern scholarship. Readable, clear, often funny but deeply serious in its purpose, this is a book for Christians and Jews, believers and secularists alike. It offers nothing less than a whole new way of thinking about sacred Scripture.

Biography | James Kugel

Bible Department Bar Ilan University 52900 Ramat Gan, Israel telephone: +9722 672-2197 website: www.jameskugel.com email: jlk@jameskugel.com 1. Born: August 22, 1945, New York, N.Y. I am married and have four children. 2. Education: Yale University, B.A. (1968) Harvard University, Junior Fellow...

www.jameskugel.com

Biography​

James Kugel was the Starr Professor of Hebrew Literature at Harvard University for twenty-one years. He retired from Harvard to become Professor of Bible at Bar Ilan University in Israel, where he also served as chairman of the Department of Bible.

A specialist in the Hebrew Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Kugel is the author of more than eighty research articles and fifteen books, including The Idea of Biblical Poetry, In Potiphar’s House, On Being a Jew, and The Bible As It Was(this last the winner of the Grawemeyer Prize in Religion in 2001). His more recent books include The God of Old, The Ladder of Jacob, How to Read the Bible, awarded the National Jewish Book Award for the best book of 2007, In the Valley of the Shadow, and A Walk Through Jubilees. He is a member of the Society of Biblical Literature, and Editor-in-chief of Jewish Studies: an Internet Journal.
Bible Department
Bar Ilan University
52900 Ramat Gan, Israel
telephone: +9722 672-2197
website: www.jameskugel.com
email: jlk@jameskugel.com
1. Born: August 22, 1945, New York, N.Y. I am married and have four children.
2. Education: Yale University, B.A. (1968)
Harvard University, Junior Fellow (1972-76)
City University of New York, Ph. D. (1978)
3. Areas of interest: Hebrew Bible; history of biblical exegesis; Judaism.
4. Positions held: Andrew Mellon Faculty Fellow, City University (1978-79)
Lecturer, Harvard University (1979-80)
Assistant Professor, Religious Studies and Comparative Literature, Yale University (1980-82); Associate Professor (1982)
Starr Professor of Hebrew Literature, Harvard University (1982-2003)
Professor of Bible, Bar Ilan University (1992-2013)
Professor Emeritus, Bar Ilan University, 2014—
5. Memberships and Offices:
Poetry Editor, Harper’s Magazine (1972-4)
Co-founder and associate editor, Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History (1981-2000)
Executive Board, Association for Jewish Studies (1983-84)
Chairman, Department of Near Eastern Languages, Harvard University (1987-91)
Director, Center for Jewish Studies, Harvard University (1996-2001)
Editorial Board, Jewish Studies Quarterly (1993-2003)
Member, American Academy for Jewish Research (1999-2003)
Founder and editor-in-chief, Jewish Studies: an Internet Journal (2002- present)
Director, Institute for the History of the Jewish Bible, Bar Ilan University (2003-10)
Chairman, Department of Bible, Bar-Ilan University (2006-09)
Editorial Board, Themes in Biblical Narrative – Jewish and Christian Traditions (series, Brill Publications, Leiden)
Editorial Board, פרשנות ובקורת (Bar Ilan)
Editorial Board, שנתון המקרא (Jerusalem)
Editorial Board, Biblische Notizen—Neue Folge (Vienna) (2010-present)
Editorial Directorate, מוסד ביאליק מו”ל
Editorial Board, Journal of Ancient Judaism (2011-present)
6. Awards and Prizes: Phi Beta Kappa (1968), Wrexham Prize (1968), Fulbright Graduate Fellowship (1968), Danforth Graduate Fellowship (1968), Woodrow Wilson Fellow (1968), Bryant Dissertation Prize (1977), A. Mellon Fellow (1977), Ingram Merrill Fellow (1978), S. F. Morse Faculty Fellow (1981-82). The Idea of Biblical Poetry was supported by awards from the F. Hilles and A. W. Griswold Funds, and received the book prize of the American Jewish Committee (1982). Research for In Potiphar’s House was sponsored by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (1988-89). The Bible As It Was was supported by awards from the Alan M. Stroock Publication Fund for Jewish Studies and a grant from the Littauer Foundation. It was among five finalists for the National Book Critics Circle Award in the category of General Nonfiction. Traditions of the Bible was honored with a special session at the 1999 Society of Biblical Literature convention. The Bible As It Was and Traditions of the Bible were jointly awarded the $200,000 Grawemeyer Award for the best book in Religion, 2001. How to Read the Bible was awarded the prize for the best book in any category by the National Jewish Book Awards, 2007. It was chosen as one of the New York Times “Best Books of 2007, All Categories.” Outside the Bible, coedited with Louis Feldman and Lawrence Schiffman, was just awarded the National Jewish Book Award for Scholarship, 2014.

Wengi sana wanadai biblia imebadirishwa ila asilimia zaidi ya 70 ya kilichoandikwa kwenye quran kina akisi kile kilichomo katika biblia iliyobadirishwa ..sasa madai ya kuwa biblia imebadirishwa yana base kwenye aya gani au zinazozungumzia uungu wa Yesu na kufa kwake??

 

[Yoda]

Hiki ni kitabu cha kusoma

 

[Kiranga]

Wengi sana wanadai biblia imebadirishwa ila asilimia zaidi ya 70 ya kilichoandikwa kwenye quran kina akisi kile kilichomo katika biblia iliyobadirishwa ..sasa madai ya kuwa biblia imebadirishwa yana base kwenye aya gani au zinazozungumzia uungu wa Yesu na kufa kwake??

Tafuta kitabu kinaitwa "How To Read The Bible: A Guide To Scripture Then And Now" cha Dr. James Kugel.

Unaweza kusoma muhtasari hapa.

How to Read the Bible | James Kugel

In How to Read the Bible, Harvard professor James Kugel leads the reader chapter by chapter through the "quiet revolution" of recent biblical scholarship, showing time and again how radically the interpretations of today's researchers differ from what people have always thought. The story of...

www.jameskugel.com