EACOP vs Lamu pipeline

EACOP vs Lamu pipeline

Defence Ministry seeks Shs2.5 billion for EACOP security​

The Independent January 12, 2024 NEWS Leave a comment


Ssempijja.jpg


Hon. Ssempijja (R) appearing before the Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs. On his right are State Ministers, Oboth Oboth and Huda Oleru

Kampala, Uganda | THE INDEPENDENT | Government is seeking Shs2.5 billion to deploy the Uganda Peoples Defence Forces (UPDF) to secure the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP).

This was revealed by the Minister of Defence and Veteran Affairs, Hon. Vincent Ssempijja who appeared before the Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs on Thursday, 11 January 2024.

The EACOP is a pipeline that will transport oil produced from Uganda’s Lake Albert oilfields to the port of Tanga in Tanzania.

The pipeline is buried and once topsoil and vegetation have been re-instated, people and animals will be able to cross freely anywhere along its length.

“Tanzania is ready; they have budgeted for security of the pipeline but Uganda is not . This is still a thorn in our back; it is an unfunded priority,” Ssempijja said.

Ssempijja who was defending the Defence Ministry’s 2024/2024 budget said that whilst the ministry requires Shs2.5 billion for security of EACOP, the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development has not allocated any funds.

“We have a committee which I put in place comprising relevant entities, including the Ministry of Energy but they are all headed by Defense Ministry and we do not funds for security of the oil pipeline,” he added.

Committee Chairperson, Hon. Wilson Kajwenjye said that government ought to prioritise security of the pipeline.

“That is unfortunate; it is first and foremost Uganda’s pipeline before it becomes East Africa. How can you not provide for its security?” he asked.

Hon. Simon Peter Opolot (NRM, Kanyum County) asked the minister to consider a partnership with the oil companies such as Total Energies to provide security for the pipeline.

“Is there any possibility of the partners also having interest in providing security,” Opolot asked.

The minister also raised concern over failure by Ministry of Finance to prioritise construction of Nakasongola air force airport, saying that it is a critical alternative to Entebbe International Airport.

The Defence Ministry sought Shs57 billion for construction of the Nakasongola air force wing airport but no funds have been allocated.

“Uganda is a landlocked country and if anything happens to Entebbe airport, we shall have a disaster,” Sempijja said.

According to the Budget Framework Paper, the ministry requires Shs9 trillion for the 2024/2025 financial year, but Shs3.8 trillion has been allocated, leaving a shortfall of Shs5.2 trillion.

 

Eacop partners race against time to close $3bn financing deal with China lenders​



MONDAY JANUARY 15 2024​


eacopug

Workers at the Kingfisher oilfield in Kikuube, Uganda. PHOTO | AFP

Summary


General Image

By JULIUS BARIGABA
More by this Author

Developers of the pipeline that will transport crude from oilfields in Western Uganda to the Tanzania’s port of Tanga for export are jittery as they negotiate the final push to complete a rigorous process that Chinese lenders set before they decide whether to bankroll the project.

Industry sources, however, say the lenders remain at least six months away from making the final decision, as they assess potential blowback if they agree to finance the project that has attracted local and international criticism as a business risk.

With $2 billion raised by shareholders of the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (Eacop), the project seeks close to $3 billion to cover debt financing, expected to come from China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (Sinosure) and the China Export Import (Exim) Bank.

Officials in Kampala told The EastAfrican that the Eacop shareholders have facilitated due diligence that the financiers demanded and are now tying up “a handful of financial agreements that need to be executed by end of April” to unlock funding from China.

Last year, Uganda’s Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Energy Irene Batebe told China South Morning Post that Eacop shareholders had struck a deal with Sinosure and Exim Bank, and the project was poised for the financial close of $3 billion for the project’s debt financing in October 2023.

Activists’ challenge​

But activists turned their campaign on the Chinese lenders, prompting Sinosure and Exim Bank to slow down.

“The financial close didn’t happen last October because of the prolonged internal processes that we had to go through with Sinosure,” Philips Obita, chief operating officer and acting chief executive of Uganda National Oil Company, told The EastAfrican.

Mr Obita said Eacop has so far closed due diligence, as the lenders demanded, which included environmental and social governance issues, source of revenue for the pipeline, role of the shareholders and why the project has attracted a lot of local and external interest.

With a 62 percent stake, French major TotalEnergies is the lead investor in the 1443km pipeline project; Uganda government, through state-owned Uganda National Oil Company (Unoc) and Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation each holding a 15 percent stake, while China National Offshore Oil Corporation (Cnooc) holds 8 percent.

One by one, Western banks recoiled from talks to bankroll Eacop, due to pressure by climate activists who raised the concerns against financing new fossil fuel projects, prompting the TotalEnergies and Cnooc to turn to China for loans.

Environmental concerns​

When complete, Eacop will be the world’s longest heated pipeline. To enable it to transport Uganda’s low sulphur crude oil, it will require 40°C-50°C heating in the pipeline in order to flow.

Activists argue that the heated pipeline, which crosses major rivers, swamps, wetlands and forest reserves, is a threat to environmental and aquatic life, but also, some of the more than 12,000 project affected persons have till now not received compensation for their land taken up by Eacop.

Plan B​

On the sidelines of the Africa Energy Week in Cape Town in October 2023, Uganda’s Energy Minister Ruth Nankabirwa hinted on the slow pace to reach the project’s financial deal as a concern, as the Chinese co-financiers of Eacop’s debt, were not moving at the same pace as that of the project shareholders.

She said Sinosure suggested that it would only announce its final decision by June, potentially too late, as it is understood that Eacop civil works are currently running on the equity financing from the shareholders — TotalEnergies, CNOOC, Uganda and Tanzania.

“We need just about $3 billion to conclude the financing of this crude pipeline and the more we delay, the more expensive the project will become,” she said.

As fears grow that these explosive issues could force Sinosure to also recoil, industry analysts have said this could see TotalEnergies dig in to finance a significant chunk of the $3 billion that was expected to be covered by the debt financing component of the project.

But analysts say this would require the French major to push for a bigger share of the oil revenues than is currently provided for in the Production Sharing Agreements (PSA), which implies renegotiation of the revenue sharing pacts, a scenario that some foreign media have reported as already underway.

‘No renegotiation’​

But Ali Ssekatawa, director of Legal and Corporate Affairs at the Petroleum Authority of Uganda — the industry regulator — dismissed as hearsay reports that Uganda is in talks with any joint venture partner to revise the PSAs.

“No PSA is being (re)negotiated with Total now. Nothing,” he said.

So far, Eacop works are underway both in Uganda and Tanzania, running on shareholders equity funds, which have financed early works for the main camp persons yards, pump stations, land acquisition at 99.8 percent in Tanzania and 90 percent in Uganda, shipment and delivery of line pipe for the first 100 km of the pipeline and coating plant works in Nzanga, Tanzania.

As financial close for debt component delays — and likely to drag on before Sinosure funding is on board — there are questions about how much longer the project can run on the available liquidity from the shareholders equity, $200 million from AfriExim Bank and $100 million from the Islamic Development Bank.

“We are still within cushion zone and operating with equity funds. As you know, it’s $2 billion,” Mr Obita said.

The EastAfrican reached out to Sinosure but had not received any response from the company by press time.

Eacop is financed on a 60 percent debt and 40 percent equity split, with debt estimated at $3 billion, according to TotalEnergies shareholders meeting records for 2023.

 

View: https://twitter.com/EACOP_/status/1746774226336731452



View: https://twitter.com/newvisionwire/status/1747236424477290599


“EACOP was fought so much; a lot of lies were told," said Nankabirwa.​

6d4a8afa-a3c5-4a0f-8e62-13e2e98bfdef.jpg

The Minister of Energy and Mineral Development, Ruth Nankabirwa said the pipeline is not crossing through Lake Victoria and it is not crossing through 230 rivers. File photo​

izf2euo98xcs8wgo


Umar Kashaka​

Journalist new vision




The Minister of Energy and Mineral Development, Ruth Nankabirwa, has said a lot of lies were told about the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) project.

“EACOP was fought so much; a lot of lies were told. Civil society organizations, who are crying for the planet, have really been pulling us down in developing EACOP. The pipeline is not crossing through Lake Victoria and it is not crossing through 230 rivers,” the minister said on Tuesday, January 16, 2024.

She made the remarks while wooing foreign investors to Uganda at the East African Trade and Investment Forum that is being held at Kampala Serena Hotel in Kampala.

The three-day forum, which kicked off on Monday (January 15) is running concurrently with the 19th summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, which is taking place at Munyonyo Commonwealth Resort Hotel.

“The pipeline is insulated and multilayered; you will not even feel the heat and people can still use the land by the way. I know its almost the longest heated pipeline 1400km, but we took that in plan and so we made sure high technology was used,” Nankabirwa said.

EACOP runs 1,443km from Kabaale in Hoima district to the Chongoleani Peninsula near Tanga Port in Tanzania. Eighty percent of the pipeline that will transport oil produced from Lake Albert oilfields to Tanga port where the oil will then be sold onwards to world markets is in Tanzania.

The minister thanked the government partners and Tanzania’s President Samia Suluhu Hassan for “supporting us so much”.

“Maama Suluhu has been receiving us and giving us advice. On the Tanzanian side, the pipeline has moved to almost 100% as far as resettlement of projected affected people are concerned and of course, their land tenure system supports them (because) almost all land there belongs to the government,” she said.

“Here in Uganda, where people own land in perpetuity, when it gets to compensation you tussle it out with the land owners. We are at 95% as far as payments of the projected affected persons are concerned,” she added.

Nankabirwa implored potential investors to invest in the oil and gas sector, saying they still have other areas which need exploration.

“We are continuing to issue licences for oil exploration,” she said.

She also said they will make sure that electricity is connected to the mining industry.

“The mining sites need electricity. We are organizing the artisan miners to support the big mining companies,” she said.

 

Kenya oil facilities face huge losses as Uganda shifts to Dar port​


ANTHONY KITIMO

Monday January 29 2024​

kipevu

Common user manifold pipes at Kipevu station in Mombasa County, Kenya on October 13,2023. PHOTO | SILA KIPLAGAT | NMG
General Image

By ANTHONY KITIMO
More by this Author

Kenya has lost $200 million worth of exports to Uganda, its largest regional market, since October 2023, new data shows.

And experts warn that it will lose more going forward, as the fight over petroleum products imports escalates, with major oil infrastructure at the risk of underuse.

Last week, Uganda announced that it was moving to Tanzania for oil imports after reaching a dead end in the quest to have its national oil marketer, Uganda National Oil company (Unoc), registered in Kenya to facilitate imports via the Mombasa port.

Ugandan Energy Minister of Energy Ruth Nankabirwa told reporters in Kampala on Tuesday that Kenya’s continuous frustration of the Unoc deal is threatening Uganda’s fuel supply stability.

“You can’t sit there and be at the mercy of one person. So far, I have met the President of Tanzania. My president sent me as an envoy and we are in discussions,” she said.

“So, we know that the alternative route could be expensive because of the logistics that are involved but we also know that there is a possibility of a negotiation with the government of Tanzania, to waive some taxes so that their sister country can be able to do business.”

According to the Daily Monitor, Ms Nankabirwa said Kenya’s President William Ruto had on several occasions shown positivity towards Uganda’s move, “but I don’t know where all this frustration is coming from”.

“The president sent me to meet President Ruto four times and he was so supportive on all the times then he sent me, my brother Chirchir [Davis], the Minister of Energy and some [Kenyan] people jumped in court, what do you do if you are sued? You wait for the ruling. So we have been talking and we are continuing to talk but now, we have a time frame because we feel the pump price in Uganda should be lower,” she said.

This decision, if it stands, threatens Kenya’s investment of $385 million Kipevu Oil Terminal 2 (KOT2) in Mombasa, which was opened last year, and $170 million fuel jetty in Kisumu.

The Kenya government put up the infrastructure, targeting to double the capacity of handling transit petroleum products from the current 35,000 tonnes to Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.

The KOT2 can handle up to four vessels at a time, compared with the old terminal, which can handle only one.
The new terminal was developed to improve handling of petroleum products to attract more business from other regional countries to compete with Dar es Salaam.

The terminal is expected to cut the cost of petroleum products by reducing the cost of demurrage or the extra time taken to load and unload cargo, a big factor to the high cost of oil in the region.

In Kisumu, the 95-metre oil-loading jetty owned by the Kenya Pipeline Company, whose construction was completed in February 2018, was only put into use in January 2023, due to a delay to complete the construction of a corresponding facility in Uganda.

It was not until January 3, 2023 when the first consignment of petroleum products arrived at the Mahathi jetty via the MV Kabaka Mutebi II, bringing to an end the five-year wait.

Mahathi Infra (Uganda) Ltd had struck a deal with TotalEnergies and 19 other oil-marketing companies for the use of the Kisumu facility and its facility in Uganda in the project that was partly funded by Equity Bank.

But Kampala suspended its contract with Kenya, saying since the introduction of government-to-government (G2G) importation of fuel deal with the Gulf states, it has got a raw deal.

Uganda is Kenya’s top export market for imported oil products (super petrol, diesel, kerosene and Jet A 1-aviation fuel). It imports about 900 million litres of petroleum products per month through Kenya.

Now, it is counting on the 60,000 barrel-per-day refinery to process some of its crude domestically to boost employment and benefit from technology transfer and Energy Minister Ruth Nankabirwa says they have picked Dubai firm Alpha MBM Investments Llc to build the $4 billion facility.

Uganda has also issued a licence to China National Offshore Oil Corporation to produce liquefied petroleum gas at a plant to be constructed in the Kingfisher development area that it operates.

Kingfisher is one of Uganda's two commercial oil development fields. The second, Tilenga, is operated by TotalEnergies.

 

Kenya oil facilities face huge losses as Uganda shifts to Dar port​


ANTHONY KITIMO

Monday January 29 2024​

kipevu

Common user manifold pipes at Kipevu station in Mombasa County, Kenya on October 13,2023. PHOTO | SILA KIPLAGAT | NMG
General Image

By ANTHONY KITIMO
More by this Author

Kenya has lost $200 million worth of exports to Uganda, its largest regional market, since October 2023, new data shows.

And experts warn that it will lose more going forward, as the fight over petroleum products imports escalates, with major oil infrastructure at the risk of underuse.

Last week, Uganda announced that it was moving to Tanzania for oil imports after reaching a dead end in the quest to have its national oil marketer, Uganda National Oil company (Unoc), registered in Kenya to facilitate imports via the Mombasa port.

Ugandan Energy Minister of Energy Ruth Nankabirwa told reporters in Kampala on Tuesday that Kenya’s continuous frustration of the Unoc deal is threatening Uganda’s fuel supply stability.

“You can’t sit there and be at the mercy of one person. So far, I have met the President of Tanzania. My president sent me as an envoy and we are in discussions,” she said.

“So, we know that the alternative route could be expensive because of the logistics that are involved but we also know that there is a possibility of a negotiation with the government of Tanzania, to waive some taxes so that their sister country can be able to do business.”

According to the Daily Monitor, Ms Nankabirwa said Kenya’s President William Ruto had on several occasions shown positivity towards Uganda’s move, “but I don’t know where all this frustration is coming from”.

“The president sent me to meet President Ruto four times and he was so supportive on all the times then he sent me, my brother Chirchir [Davis], the Minister of Energy and some [Kenyan] people jumped in court, what do you do if you are sued? You wait for the ruling. So we have been talking and we are continuing to talk but now, we have a time frame because we feel the pump price in Uganda should be lower,” she said.

This decision, if it stands, threatens Kenya’s investment of $385 million Kipevu Oil Terminal 2 (KOT2) in Mombasa, which was opened last year, and $170 million fuel jetty in Kisumu.

The Kenya government put up the infrastructure, targeting to double the capacity of handling transit petroleum products from the current 35,000 tonnes to Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.

The KOT2 can handle up to four vessels at a time, compared with the old terminal, which can handle only one.
The new terminal was developed to improve handling of petroleum products to attract more business from other regional countries to compete with Dar es Salaam.

The terminal is expected to cut the cost of petroleum products by reducing the cost of demurrage or the extra time taken to load and unload cargo, a big factor to the high cost of oil in the region.

In Kisumu, the 95-metre oil-loading jetty owned by the Kenya Pipeline Company, whose construction was completed in February 2018, was only put into use in January 2023, due to a delay to complete the construction of a corresponding facility in Uganda.

It was not until January 3, 2023 when the first consignment of petroleum products arrived at the Mahathi jetty via the MV Kabaka Mutebi II, bringing to an end the five-year wait.

Mahathi Infra (Uganda) Ltd had struck a deal with TotalEnergies and 19 other oil-marketing companies for the use of the Kisumu facility and its facility in Uganda in the project that was partly funded by Equity Bank.

But Kampala suspended its contract with Kenya, saying since the introduction of government-to-government (G2G) importation of fuel deal with the Gulf states, it has got a raw deal.

Uganda is Kenya’s top export market for imported oil products (super petrol, diesel, kerosene and Jet A 1-aviation fuel). It imports about 900 million litres of petroleum products per month through Kenya.

Now, it is counting on the 60,000 barrel-per-day refinery to process some of its crude domestically to boost employment and benefit from technology transfer and Energy Minister Ruth Nankabirwa says they have picked Dubai firm Alpha MBM Investments Llc to build the $4 billion facility.

Uganda has also issued a licence to China National Offshore Oil Corporation to produce liquefied petroleum gas at a plant to be constructed in the Kingfisher development area that it operates.

Kingfisher is one of Uganda's two commercial oil development fields. The second, Tilenga, is operated by TotalEnergies.

 

Pipeline from Tanzania as Talks with Kenya Stall​

Thu, 03/14/2024 - 16:22
Posted in:
0 comments
The national flag of Uganda and flag of Tanzania (© Shutterstock/esfera)

The national flag of Uganda and flag of Tanzania (© Shutterstock/esfera)

Ugandan private fuel importers are backing a government proposal to build a pipeline with Tanzania, offering an alternative route for fuel imports amid a continuing deadlock with Kenya.

As reported by Monitor on Wednesday, March 6, the proposed pipeline would run from Tanga, Tanzania to Mpigi, Uganda, a district near the capital Kampala. This would bypass the current route through Kenya's Mombasa-Kisumu pipeline, which has become a point of contention between the two East African nations.

"The distance is longer, but a pipeline directly from Tanga is potentially cheaper than Mombasa-Kisumu because trucks would no longer be needed for part of the journey," said Anthony Ogalo, chairperson of the Sustainable Energies and Petroleum Association (SEPA), an umbrella body for Ugandan fuel importers.

Uganda relies on Kenya for 90% of its fuel imports, but a policy change by Kenya last year requiring Ugandan imports to be channeled through its national oil company, the Uganda National Oil Company (UNOC), created friction. Kenyan firms challenged UNOC's eligibility for an import license in court, further stalling fuel imports.

While Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and his Kenyan counterpart William Ruto recently pledged to resolve the issue, the Ugandan government is exploring the Tanzania option as a long-term solution.

Energy Minister Ruth Nankabirwa said the Tanga-Mpigi pipeline would not only provide security of supply but could also serve neighboring countries like South Sudan and Rwanda, potentially increasing its viability.

Technical teams from both Uganda and Tanzania are currently discussing the project, with Uganda seeking tax breaks and logistical support from Tanzania to make the pipeline more attractive.

The Ugandan government is also awaiting a court decision in Kenya on UNOC's import license application. Nankabirwa stated that even if the Kenyan route is resolved, the Tanga pipeline could be used concurrently.

Source / More Information
Monitor


MY TAKE
Safari moja huanzisha nyingine!
 

Pipeline from Tanzania as Talks with Kenya Stall​

Thu, 03/14/2024 - 16:22
Posted in:
0 comments
The national flag of Uganda and flag of Tanzania (© Shutterstock/esfera)

The national flag of Uganda and flag of Tanzania (© Shutterstock/esfera)

Ugandan private fuel importers are backing a government proposal to build a pipeline with Tanzania, offering an alternative route for fuel imports amid a continuing deadlock with Kenya.

As reported by Monitor on Wednesday, March 6, the proposed pipeline would run from Tanga, Tanzania to Mpigi, Uganda, a district near the capital Kampala. This would bypass the current route through Kenya's Mombasa-Kisumu pipeline, which has become a point of contention between the two East African nations.

"The distance is longer, but a pipeline directly from Tanga is potentially cheaper than Mombasa-Kisumu because trucks would no longer be needed for part of the journey," said Anthony Ogalo, chairperson of the Sustainable Energies and Petroleum Association (SEPA), an umbrella body for Ugandan fuel importers.

Uganda relies on Kenya for 90% of its fuel imports, but a policy change by Kenya last year requiring Ugandan imports to be channeled through its national oil company, the Uganda National Oil Company (UNOC), created friction. Kenyan firms challenged UNOC's eligibility for an import license in court, further stalling fuel imports.

While Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and his Kenyan counterpart William Ruto recently pledged to resolve the issue, the Ugandan government is exploring the Tanzania option as a long-term solution.

Energy Minister Ruth Nankabirwa said the Tanga-Mpigi pipeline would not only provide security of supply but could also serve neighboring countries like South Sudan and Rwanda, potentially increasing its viability.

Technical teams from both Uganda and Tanzania are currently discussing the project, with Uganda seeking tax breaks and logistical support from Tanzania to make the pipeline more attractive.

The Ugandan government is also awaiting a court decision in Kenya on UNOC's import license application. Nankabirwa stated that even if the Kenyan route is resolved, the Tanga pipeline could be used concurrently.

Source / More Information
Monitor


MY TAKE
Safari moja huanzisha nyingine!
Alafu Uganda inasema,hata kama mgogoro utatatuliwa,ila pipeline ya TZ-Uganda Iko pale pale.
 
d79425e19a78992-6Scyy8.png

East African Petroleum Conference 2025 preparations commence as Uganda hands over to Tanzania​

By / March 15, 2024 / APO, Media

The stage is set for the 11th East African Petroleum Conference and Exhibition 2025 (EAPCE’25), scheduled to take place from 5th – 7th March, 2025 in Tanzania. Organized by the East African Community (EAC) Secretariat and the EAC Partner States, the event anticipates attracting over 1,000 participants.

Under the theme “Unlocking Investment in Future Energy: The Role of Petroleum Resources in the Energy Mix for Sustainable Development in East Africa”, the 2025 edition aims to highlight the region’s petroleum potential and investment opportunities.

The Regional Steering Committee for EAPCE’25, comprised of experts from the EAC Partner States, convened in Zanzibar, Tanzania for a pivotal meeting marking the official commencement of preparations. The Chairperson of the Regional Steering Committee, Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy Tanzania, Dr. James Mataragio emphasized the conference’s significance, noting its evolution into the region’s premier petroleum event.

“The United Republic of Tanzania is not only ready but excited to host the Petroleum Conference in 2025, and we call upon all Partner States to join hands with Tanzania in the planning to ensure we have a successful Conference,” added Dr. Mataragio.

Acknowledging the success of the previous conference hosted by Uganda in 2023, Mr. Jean Baptiste Havugimana, EAC Director of Productive Sectors, extended gratitude to Uganda and all Partner States for their commitment. He noted that the success of such a regional event, reaffirms the region’s dedication to regional integration.

Representative from the Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Principal Geologist, Mr. Wilson Tumushabe (l) hands over the EAPCE’23 Conference proceeding among other documents to the Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy Tanzania, Dr. James Mataragio (r).

Looking on is EAC Director of Porductive Sectors, Mr. Jean Baptiste Havugimana.
Over the past two decades, the Petroleum Conferences have served as crucial platforms for dialogue among governments and industry players worldwide. Aligned with the EAC’s Vision 2050 for economic, social, and political integration, the 2025 edition aims to bolster the region’s competitiveness through increased production, trade, integration, and investment in the oil and gas sector.

Looking ahead to 2050, the EAC envisions a sustainable, affordable, and secure energy mix to meet regional needs. With a focus on access, capacity, efficiency, and sustainability, the region aims to transform its energy landscape, ensuring efficient distribution of petroleum products and strategic reserves.

Since its inception in 2003, the East African Petroleum Conferences have fostered awareness of the region’s petroleum potential and technological advancements. Delegates can anticipate high-quality technical presentations, exhibitions, and field excursions showcasing the region’s geological diversity and tourist attractions.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of East African Community.

 
Back
Top Bottom