All in all the two religions have no relevance whatsoever with emergency of the empires and no evidence can be found that tha prophets Jesus (as) and Muhammad (saw) teachings had connections with the empires.
Actually Holy Roman empire ilikuwa influenced na christianity...baada ya emperor constatine kuconvert kuwa mkristo aliigeuza empire kuwa ya kikristo..so emergence ya holy roman empire ina christian roots although emergence ya christianity haikuwa influenced na roman empire
Upande wa pili hata kipindi muhamad yuko hai alikuwa ameshaconquer Mecca na Arabian peninsula karibia yote na alikuwa anaexpand territorry so empire na religion vilienda hand to hand even after muhamads death he was succesed by kalifs(leader of the umma)ambao waliiexpand territory..These were religious leaders who were tied exactly to islamic teachings...waliexpand teritorry from arabia all the way to spain,Ukrain,Tunisia etc. etc. Miaka mingi baadae baada ya kuconquer mpaka uturuki Ottoman empire ilikuja kuwa leader of Islamic empire ie. the islamic states na baada ya kuangushwa na british empire yule jamaa Ataturk (raisi wa kwanza wa uturuki)alipoiangusha otoman empire via revolution ndo akaebolish utawala wa makalifa akaleta democracy uturuki
so ingekuwa 'god's plan' kuunganisha dunia under 1 religion then asingeruhusu ottoman empire ianguke kwasababu mpaka leo muslims wako divided na nchi mbali mbali za kiislam ziko divided..only under ottoman empire were they truly united
9---- Why then there are divisions (in Islam)??. ... peaceful course of Islam, which sect in Islam has an Imam (the world wide leader) etc--- there is no such sect except Ahmadiyya, the highest growing sect of all sects of all religions of the world.
It is the sect which is going to unite the whole of mankind in the fold of Islam.
You are most welcome.
Umejibu kishabiki sana...tukijibu kwa fact ni kwamba divisions in islam zilianza baada ya mtume kufa watu wakaanza kupigania power ya utawala wengine wakiangalia undungu wengine urafiki na muhamad..so divisions are caused by the fight for power to rule na kumbuka kulikuwa na makabila mengi ya waarabu waliotaka hiyo power ya kutawala watu..ndo source ya division
pili,Sababu ya kusema ahmadiya ndo sect ni tatu ambazo ni>> peacefulness,imam,growth rate
sasa wapi kwenye quran au hadith imenasibisha kuwa hizo ndo trait za true sect? FYI ahmadiya are considered kafirs by majority of muslims and are not the most growing sect..it is the sunnis..Also imam hata wasunni wanae
Kuwa peaceful sawa lakini haimaanishi ndiyo true islam iliyoletwa na mtume ambaye aliua watu wengi walioukataa uislam
Further studies
The Arab conquests started as sporadic tribal raids. A proper army was probably not organized before 634 , but once formed, it made expeditions eastwards towards the Sasanian empire and northwards to Palestine and Syria against the Byzantine empire.
The surprising speed at which the conquests took place can be attributed to the weakness of countries debilitated by long external conflicts (the Sasanian empire) or by the fragility of internal structure (Spain). There was also discontent with despotic leadership and heavy taxation among the local population, especially in Syria and Spain.
Army and Society
The expanding Muslim army was at first only composed of Arab tribal groups, mostly infantry and some cavalry forces. Gradually it transformed itself by recruiting locally during its campaigns. The role played by the mawali (‘converted non-Arab clients’), such as Berber warriors in the western campaign to Spain and, eastwards, Persians and Turks, is well-known.. From the eleventh century onwards the horse-back archery techniques of Central Asian and Turkish origin began to play a major role in Muslim warfare.
Muslim commanders left the social structure of the conquered territories almost intact by appointing local Muslim governors and relying on local administrative and financial systems.
The populations were not converted en masse but in time the frequency of conversions increased. The reasons for embracing Islam ranged from a desire to come closer to the new masters and share their privileges, to an acknowledgment of, or belief in, the tolerant and syncretistic nature of the new faith. Tolerance, however, could only be granted to the Ahl al Kitab (‘the people of the Book’) that is, those people whom the Qur'an cites as having received revealed scripture: Jews, Christians and the ‘Sabians’. These could not, in principle, be forcibly converted (as could polytheists and disbelievers), and were guaranteed protection and religious autonomy against the payment of a special tax.
