profesawaaganojipya
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unajua kipindi hicho binadamu mmoja alikuwa anaweza kubeba kilo ngapi?na alikuwa na urefu gani,na uzito gani?
Kumbukumbu za ulimwengu (World Archives)
Kumbukumbu za ulimwengu (World Archives)
- Thread starter Mshana Jr
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Patra31
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nahis tukiondoa wahindi ( wa sasa) na wagiriki (wa kale) nahisi wamisri(wa kale) ndio wanafuatia kwa kuwa na miungu wengi
Mshana Jr
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- #186
Mnamo Februari 1940, hakuna mtu aliyeona uchimbaji mdogo katika jiji la Tanis, ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa jiji kuu la Misri ya zamani, kwenye Delta ya Nile. Mwanaakiolojia wa Kifaransa Pierre Montet alikuwa amefanya ugunduzi wa ajabu - kaburi la farao wa Misri, aliyezikwa na utajiri wa ajabu - na sasa sarcophagus kubwa ya fedha ilikuwa inafunguliwa ili kufunua mask ya dhahabu ya farao. Hiki ndicho kinyago cha mazishi cha Mfalme Psusennes wa Kwanza, aliyetawala katika Kipindi cha Tatu cha Kati cha Misri, karibu 1000 KK.[emoji1317][emoji257]
Mshana Jr
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Inakadiriwa kwamba kabla ya kuwasili kwa Wazungu mwishoni mwa karne ya 15, kulikuwa na zaidi ya watu wa kiasili milioni 60 katika Amerika Kaskazini na Kusini. Kufikia mapema karne ya 20, ni milioni chache tu waliobaki. Waamerika Wenyeji walipolazimishwa kuhamia kwenye maeneo yaliyotoridhishwa na kujihusisha na watu weupe, wapiga picha wachache waliazimia kuandika maisha yao ya kitamaduni kabla ya kuchelewa sana.
Mshana Jr
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The earliest surviving recipes written in Akkadian, c. 1750 BCE
This cuneiform tablet includes 25 recipes for stews, 21 are meat stews and 4 are vegetable stews, but it does not give measures or cooking time.
The tablets were translated by Jean Bottéro and Teresa Lavender Fagan.
This tablet now is in Yale university, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
This cuneiform tablet includes 25 recipes for stews, 21 are meat stews and 4 are vegetable stews, but it does not give measures or cooking time.
The tablets were translated by Jean Bottéro and Teresa Lavender Fagan.
This tablet now is in Yale university, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Mshana Jr
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Did you know that historically slavery was not based on race?
The word “slave” is driven from the word “slavs”, whom are the largest European ethnolinguistic group.
Actually there were white slaves centuries before slavery was introduced to Africa. Most of the slaves in Rome were of North European origin (British and German), since Africans at that time were of equal status. Later the majority of the slaves in the Byzantine Empire (modern day Turkey) were of Russian and Eastern European origin.
Until the 14th Century, North Africa slave population was mainly compromised of European prisoners of war such as the Crusaders (i.e. during the Seventh Crusade, King Louis IX was captured along was 15,000 knights, and France could only afford paying for his release while the remaining 15,000 knights were kept in Egypt as slaves, later converting to Islam and merged into the society by marrying from the locals).
Earlier the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt was also established by Europeans and Asians enslaved warriors due to lost battles with Fatimid, Abbasid, and Ottoman Caliphate.
The Old World inhabitants were more likely to interact with brown and white slaves than seeing a black one!
Before the existence of State Nation, social insurance, and minimum wage, slavery was a common and acceptable socioeconomic practice that allowed the underprivileged to survive by securing their food, shelter and security under the umbrella of the powerful and wealthy individuals (think of modern day middle class young Africans who would prefer to live as a lower class citizens in more secure and wealthy European countries).
The dilemma of African slavery can be summarized is 4 facts:
1. It started late, in a time where most of the world was already getting structured in a form of nation states with defined borders and citizenship, while the majority of Africa was still adopting a tribal social structure depriving Africans from a collective protective entity or state;
2. Historically loss of freedom was usually a result of losing a war and/or failing to pay financial dues, the European colonial slavery was the first and only commercialized slavery trade in history, where European slave traders created a commercial demand for slaves, a business model similar to that of marketing commodities;
3. Historically, obtaining slaves demanded a military conflict, which was a costly and risky thing to do, but the Atlantic Slave Trade was a much cheaper economic model, making the value of the slave much less and easier to replace;
4. Traditional causes of slavery resulted in the slavery of the elite (usually the royals and warriors) of the defeated, thus allowing them a special status and a path to freedom (i.e. intermarriage or proving loyalty to the victorious), while the Atlantic Slave Trade preyed on the weak and vulnerable (mostly peasants and herdsmen), with no chance or option to gain their freedom.
AG
The word “slave” is driven from the word “slavs”, whom are the largest European ethnolinguistic group.
Actually there were white slaves centuries before slavery was introduced to Africa. Most of the slaves in Rome were of North European origin (British and German), since Africans at that time were of equal status. Later the majority of the slaves in the Byzantine Empire (modern day Turkey) were of Russian and Eastern European origin.
Until the 14th Century, North Africa slave population was mainly compromised of European prisoners of war such as the Crusaders (i.e. during the Seventh Crusade, King Louis IX was captured along was 15,000 knights, and France could only afford paying for his release while the remaining 15,000 knights were kept in Egypt as slaves, later converting to Islam and merged into the society by marrying from the locals).
Earlier the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt was also established by Europeans and Asians enslaved warriors due to lost battles with Fatimid, Abbasid, and Ottoman Caliphate.
The Old World inhabitants were more likely to interact with brown and white slaves than seeing a black one!
Before the existence of State Nation, social insurance, and minimum wage, slavery was a common and acceptable socioeconomic practice that allowed the underprivileged to survive by securing their food, shelter and security under the umbrella of the powerful and wealthy individuals (think of modern day middle class young Africans who would prefer to live as a lower class citizens in more secure and wealthy European countries).
The dilemma of African slavery can be summarized is 4 facts:
1. It started late, in a time where most of the world was already getting structured in a form of nation states with defined borders and citizenship, while the majority of Africa was still adopting a tribal social structure depriving Africans from a collective protective entity or state;
2. Historically loss of freedom was usually a result of losing a war and/or failing to pay financial dues, the European colonial slavery was the first and only commercialized slavery trade in history, where European slave traders created a commercial demand for slaves, a business model similar to that of marketing commodities;
3. Historically, obtaining slaves demanded a military conflict, which was a costly and risky thing to do, but the Atlantic Slave Trade was a much cheaper economic model, making the value of the slave much less and easier to replace;
4. Traditional causes of slavery resulted in the slavery of the elite (usually the royals and warriors) of the defeated, thus allowing them a special status and a path to freedom (i.e. intermarriage or proving loyalty to the victorious), while the Atlantic Slave Trade preyed on the weak and vulnerable (mostly peasants and herdsmen), with no chance or option to gain their freedom.
AG
Mshana Jr
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- #196
Je, unajua kwamba utumwa wa kihistoria haukutokana na rangi? Neno "mtumwa" limetokana na neno "slavs", ambao ni kundi kubwa la ethnolinguistic la Ulaya. Kweli kulikuwa na watumwa weupe karne nyingi kabla ya utumwa kuletwa Afrika. Wengi wa watumwa huko Roma walikuwa na asili ya Ulaya Kaskazini (Waingereza na Wajerumani), kwani Waafrika wakati huo walikuwa na hadhi sawa. Baadaye wengi wa watumwa katika Milki ya Byzantine (Uturuki ya kisasa) walikuwa wa asili ya Urusi na Ulaya Mashariki. Hadi Karne ya 14, idadi ya watumwa wa Afrika Kaskazini iliathiriwa zaidi na wafungwa wa vita wa Uropa kama vile Vita vya Msalaba (yaani wakati wa Vita vya Msalaba vya Saba, Mfalme Louis IX alitekwa pamoja na wapiganaji 15,000, na Ufaransa iliweza tu kumudu malipo ya kuachiliwa kwake wakati waliosalia. Mashujaa 15,000 waliwekwa nchini Misri kama watumwa, baadaye wakaingia Uislamu na kuunganishwa katika jamii kwa kuolewa na wenyeji
Mshana Jr
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Hapo awali Enzi ya Mamluk ya Misri pia ilianzishwa na Wazungu na Waasia waliokuwa watumwa wapiganaji kutokana na kushindwa kwa vita na Fatimid, Abbasid, na Ukhalifa wa Ottoman. Wakazi wa Ulimwengu wa Kale walikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuingiliana na watumwa wa kahawia na weupe kuliko kumwona mweusi! Kabla ya kuwepo kwa Taifa la Taifa, bima ya kijamii, na kima cha chini cha mshahara, utumwa ulikuwa jambo la kawaida na linalokubalika la kijamii na kiuchumi ambalo liliruhusu watu wasiojiweza kuishi kwa kupata chakula, malazi na usalama wao chini ya mwavuli wa watu wenye nguvu na matajiri (fikiria siku ya kisasa). vijana wa Kiafrika wa tabaka la kati ambao wangependelea kuishi kama raia wa tabaka la chini katika nchi zilizo salama na tajiri zaidi za Ulaya). Mtanziko wa utumwa wa Kiafrika unaweza kufupishwa ni mambo 4:
Mshana Jr
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1. Ilianza kuchelewa, katika wakati ambapo sehemu kubwa ya dunia ilikuwa tayari inaundwa katika mfumo wa mataifa ya mataifa yenye mipaka na uraia uliobainishwa, wakati sehemu kubwa ya Afrika ilikuwa bado inapitisha muundo wa kijamii wa kikabila unaowanyima Waafrika kutoka kwenye chombo cha ulinzi cha pamoja au. jimbo
; 2. Kihistoria upotevu wa uhuru kwa kawaida ulikuwa ni matokeo ya kupoteza vita na/au kushindwa kulipa ada za kifedha, utumwa wa kikoloni wa Ulaya ulikuwa biashara ya kwanza na pekee ya kibiashara katika historia, ambapo wafanyabiashara wa utumwa wa Ulaya waliunda mahitaji ya kibiashara ya watumwa, a. mtindo wa biashara sawa na ule wa bidhaa za uuzaji;
3. Kihistoria, kupata watumwa kulidai mzozo wa kijeshi, jambo ambalo lilikuwa la gharama kubwa na la hatari, lakini Biashara ya Utumwa ya Atlantiki ilikuwa mtindo wa bei nafuu zaidi wa kiuchumi, na kufanya thamani ya mtumwa kuwa ndogo sana na rahisi kuchukua nafasi yake
; 4. Sababu za jadi za utumwa zilisababisha utumwa wa wasomi (kawaida wafalme na wapiganaji) wa walioshindwa, na hivyo kuwapa hadhi maalum na njia ya uhuru (yaani kuoana au kuthibitisha uaminifu kwa mshindi), wakati Mtumwa wa Atlantiki. Biashara inawalenga wanyonge na walio katika mazingira magumu (hasa wakulima na wafugaji), bila nafasi au chaguo la kuwa na uhuru wao
; 2. Kihistoria upotevu wa uhuru kwa kawaida ulikuwa ni matokeo ya kupoteza vita na/au kushindwa kulipa ada za kifedha, utumwa wa kikoloni wa Ulaya ulikuwa biashara ya kwanza na pekee ya kibiashara katika historia, ambapo wafanyabiashara wa utumwa wa Ulaya waliunda mahitaji ya kibiashara ya watumwa, a. mtindo wa biashara sawa na ule wa bidhaa za uuzaji;
3. Kihistoria, kupata watumwa kulidai mzozo wa kijeshi, jambo ambalo lilikuwa la gharama kubwa na la hatari, lakini Biashara ya Utumwa ya Atlantiki ilikuwa mtindo wa bei nafuu zaidi wa kiuchumi, na kufanya thamani ya mtumwa kuwa ndogo sana na rahisi kuchukua nafasi yake
; 4. Sababu za jadi za utumwa zilisababisha utumwa wa wasomi (kawaida wafalme na wapiganaji) wa walioshindwa, na hivyo kuwapa hadhi maalum na njia ya uhuru (yaani kuoana au kuthibitisha uaminifu kwa mshindi), wakati Mtumwa wa Atlantiki. Biashara inawalenga wanyonge na walio katika mazingira magumu (hasa wakulima na wafugaji), bila nafasi au chaguo la kuwa na uhuru wao
Mshana Jr
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Public Execution at Ijebu-Ode of Noah Odesanya, an ex-soldier who robbed and killed over 4 passengers on Ijebu- Lagos Road.
Date: April 1973
Right after the civil war, Armed and highway robbery was then a novelty in Nigeria. The country had just exited a 30-month civil war and arms and ammunition were available to those who wanted to buy for underworld activities. There was a thriving black market where criminals could get weapons to buy. The pattern of crimes especially stealing pick-pocketing and burglary had changed as hoodlums armed themselves to frighten and if need be kill their victims. The military government deemed it fit to introduce the capital punishment as a way of curbing the increase in armed robbery cases in the country then.
Date: April 1973
Right after the civil war, Armed and highway robbery was then a novelty in Nigeria. The country had just exited a 30-month civil war and arms and ammunition were available to those who wanted to buy for underworld activities. There was a thriving black market where criminals could get weapons to buy. The pattern of crimes especially stealing pick-pocketing and burglary had changed as hoodlums armed themselves to frighten and if need be kill their victims. The military government deemed it fit to introduce the capital punishment as a way of curbing the increase in armed robbery cases in the country then.