Kumbukumbu za ulimwengu (World Archives)
Kumbukumbu za ulimwengu (World Archives)
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Mshana Jr
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Milki ya Mali ilikuwa milki ya Afrika Magharibi kuanzia c. 1235 hadi 1670. Himaya hiyo ilianzishwa na Sundiata Keita na ikawa maarufu kwa utajiri wa watawala wake, hasa Musa Keita. Lugha za Manding zilizungumzwa katika himaya hiyo.
Mshana Jr
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Researchers are still puzzled by the creation of the mysterious tunnels, which have been found in Scotland and extend all the way to Turkey. The fact that they are so incredibly magnificent and that they were lovingly made just adds to their mystique.
Scientists are utterly baffled by the number of underground Stone Age tunnels that have been discovered. In his book, “Secrets of the Underground Door to an Ancient World,” Dr. Henrich Kusch claimed that the tunnels had been excavated beneath literally hundreds of Neolithic settlements across Europe. The original tunnels must have been far more extensive given that they have been around for more than 12,000 years.
Scientists are utterly baffled by the number of underground Stone Age tunnels that have been discovered. In his book, “Secrets of the Underground Door to an Ancient World,” Dr. Henrich Kusch claimed that the tunnels had been excavated beneath literally hundreds of Neolithic settlements across Europe. The original tunnels must have been far more extensive given that they have been around for more than 12,000 years.
Mshana Jr
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We have discovered 700 meters of these underground tube networks in Bavaria alone in Germany. We have discovered 350 meters in Styria, Austria,’ he declared.
There were hundreds of them all throughout Europe, from Scotland’s north to the Mediterranean.
There were hundreds of them all throughout Europe, from Scotland’s north to the Mediterranean.
Mshana Jr
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We have discovered 700 meters of these underground tube networks in Bavaria alone in Germany. We have discovered 350 meters in Styria, Austria,’ he declared.
There were hundreds of them all throughout Europe, from Scotland’s north to the Mediterranean.
There were hundreds of them all throughout Europe, from Scotland’s north to the Mediterranean.
Mshana Jr
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Opened in 1852, the Devil's Island system received convicts who had been deported from all parts of the Second French Empire.
It was notorious both for the staff's harsh treatment of detainees and the tropical climate and diseases that contributed to high mortality. The prison system had a death rate of 75% at its worst, and was finally closed down in 1953." Wikipedia
"Deaths and escapes kept the number of prisoners relatively constant. The average prisoner was Metropolitan, French, nominally Catholic, partly educated, between twenty and fifty years of age, single, and from the lower end of the urban social order.
However, this profile masks considerable variation, and the colonies were also well represented, with bagnards from [the Caribbean] and Algeria to Vietnam. The convicts were controlled by trustees and several hundred prison guards of mixed origin, including Corsicans, North Africans, and Guyanais, as well as about six hundred troops, including a detachment of Senegalese.
Conditions of everyday existence ranged from fairly mild to quite severe. The colony was administered under rules established in Paris, often with extreme bureaucratic rigidity. Supplies were frequently stolen for sale on the black market, and petty graft, from bribery to the smuggling of exotic butterflies, constituted a way of life.
Convicts were provided with minimal clothing: gray jumpers with red stripes for the transportés and blue ones for the relégués, two shirts, and a hat. The diet was generally poor and frequently inadequate, and the guards, by all accounts, were free to mete out a good deal of physical punishment....Rape and abusive homosexual relationships were common, and threats and murders not infrequent.
The guards often looked the other way, though prisoners guilty of misconduct could be sentenced to a series of punishments from solitary confinement to the guillotine." Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana by Peter Redfield
.
#France #FrenchGuiana #Martinique #Guadeloupe #prison #colonialism #tropics #penalcolonies #islands
It was notorious both for the staff's harsh treatment of detainees and the tropical climate and diseases that contributed to high mortality. The prison system had a death rate of 75% at its worst, and was finally closed down in 1953." Wikipedia
"Deaths and escapes kept the number of prisoners relatively constant. The average prisoner was Metropolitan, French, nominally Catholic, partly educated, between twenty and fifty years of age, single, and from the lower end of the urban social order.
However, this profile masks considerable variation, and the colonies were also well represented, with bagnards from [the Caribbean] and Algeria to Vietnam. The convicts were controlled by trustees and several hundred prison guards of mixed origin, including Corsicans, North Africans, and Guyanais, as well as about six hundred troops, including a detachment of Senegalese.
Conditions of everyday existence ranged from fairly mild to quite severe. The colony was administered under rules established in Paris, often with extreme bureaucratic rigidity. Supplies were frequently stolen for sale on the black market, and petty graft, from bribery to the smuggling of exotic butterflies, constituted a way of life.
Convicts were provided with minimal clothing: gray jumpers with red stripes for the transportés and blue ones for the relégués, two shirts, and a hat. The diet was generally poor and frequently inadequate, and the guards, by all accounts, were free to mete out a good deal of physical punishment....Rape and abusive homosexual relationships were common, and threats and murders not infrequent.
The guards often looked the other way, though prisoners guilty of misconduct could be sentenced to a series of punishments from solitary confinement to the guillotine." Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana by Peter Redfield
.
#France #FrenchGuiana #Martinique #Guadeloupe #prison #colonialism #tropics #penalcolonies #islands
Patra31
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Imenibidi ni Google nijue umbali wa kutoka Scotland had uturuki kwanza ndio nirudi kusoma vizuri
Patra31
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Hapo ndio najiuliza walitumia vifaa gan? Na walichukua mda gan kukamilisha?
green rajab
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Haya MAPANGO nimeyakubali
Mshana Jr
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Hizi ni picha za hivi punde za karne ya 3 Sidamara Sarcophagus akiungana tena na kichwa cha mtoto Eros baada ya miaka 150 ya kutengana kwenye maonyesho sasa kwenye jumba la makumbusho la akiolojia la Istanbul.Kichwa kilichukuliwa Mnamo 1882 na Sir C.W Wilson, balozi mkuu wa Uingereza huko Anatolia alifanya hivyo. kile wanadiplomasia wengi wa Uingereza walifanya katika karne ya 19 wakati wa kutembelea ulimwengu wa classical. Alichukua vipande vyake na kurudi London. Katika kesi hii, kichwa cha Eros cha mtoto mchanga ambacho kilitolewa kutoka kwa kile kinachojulikana kama Sidamara Sarcophagus. Wilson alikata kichwa, na kuzika tena Sarcophagus akitumaini kurudi kwa jambo zima baadaye. Hakuweza kurudi kamwe. (Picha na Osama Abughanim
