Maana ya Kifungo cha Maisha

[Nyani Ngabu]

Ninavyoelewa, literally, kifungo cha maisha maana yake aliyekutwa na hatia atabakia gerezani kwa kipindi chote cha maisha yake au mpaka atakapopewa msamaha na Rais.

Hivi, tuseme mtu kahukumiwa kifungo cha maisha 'without the possibility of parole'. Mtu kama huyu anawezea kuja kuwa eligible for a presidential pardon au walio eligible ni wale tu ambao wamehukumiwa maisha lakini 'with the possibility of parole?

 

[RR]

Kwa upande mwingine, kuna kesi nyingine kutokana na uzito wa kosa lenyewe, judge anaweza kumhukumu mshtakiwa kifungo cha maisha na kusizitiza kuwa kifungo cha maisha anamaanisha mshtakiwa ataishi maisha yake yote gerezani bila kupewa msamaha wa aina yoyote.

Kwa hiyo, kifungo cha maisha siyo kweli ni kifungo cha maisha. Kwa, mfano Bibi Titi Mohammed alifungwa kifungo cha maisha kwa kosa la uhaini lakini akasamehewa na Rais baada ya kutumikia miaka miwili tuu. cc Amavubi

Kuna baadhi ya nchi kifungo cha maisha ni miaka 20 sivyo? Nadhani Sweden ni mojawapo?
Rais si ana malamka ya kutoa msamaha kwa kigezo cha ubinadamu, hata aliyehukumiwa kifo anaweza kubadilishiwa adhabu, sivyo?

 

[Ivonya-Ngia]

[SUP]Hivi, tuseme mtu kahukumiwa kifungo cha maisha 'without the possibility of parole'. Mtu kama huyu anawezea kuja kuwa eligible for a presidential pardon au walio eligible ni wale tu ambao wamehukumiwa maisha lakini 'with the possibility of parole?[/SUP]

Swali zuri sana mkuu Nyani Ngabu, nami ningependa kufahamu katika hili.

Kuna baadhi ya nchi kifungo cha maisha ni miaka 20 sivyo? Nadhani Sweden ni mojawapo?
Rais si ana malamka ya kutoa msamaha kwa kigezo cha ubinadamu, hata aliyehukumiwa kifo anaweza kubadilishiwa adhabu, sivyo?

Well mkuu RR, hata mimi nilikuwa naufahamu huu. Wajuzi watusaidie hapa. Je kifungo cha maisha yaweza maanisha kuwa ni maximum sentence katika nchi husika???

cc; EMT, Amavubi, iparamasa, IDUNDA

 

[EMT]

Hivi, tuseme mtu kahukumiwa kifungo cha maisha 'without the possibility of parole'. Mtu kama huyu anawezea kuja kuwa eligible for a presidential pardon au walio eligible ni wale tu ambao wamehukumiwa maisha lakini 'with the possibility of parole?

Kama mahakama imesema kuwa mshtakiwa lazima atumikie kifungo chake kwa kukaa gerezani kwa maisha yake yote bila kupewa parole, halafu baaade Rais akaamua kumsamehe mshtakiwa si atakuwa amekiuka maamuzi ya mahakama?

 

[Nyani Ngabu]

Kama mahakama imesema kuwa mshtakiwa lazima atumikie kifungo chake kwa kukaa gerezani kwa maisha yake yote bila kupewa parole, halafu baaade Rais akaamua kumsamehe mshtakiwa si atakuwa amekiuka maamuzi ya mahakama?

Mie siyo msomi bana, sasa ntajuaje jibu la hilo swali lako? Ndo maana nkakuuliza wewe msomi. Lakini cha ajabu na wewe unanigeuzia kibao. Damn it.

 

[EMT]

Kuna baadhi ya nchi kifungo cha maisha ni miaka 20 sivyo? Nadhani Sweden ni mojawapo?
Rais si ana malamka ya kutoa msamaha kwa kigezo cha ubinadamu, hata aliyehukumiwa kifo anaweza kubadilishiwa adhabu, sivyo?

Sometimes, mahakama inaweza kusema wazi kuwa mshtakiwa atatumikia kifungo cha maisha na hatakuwa eligible for parole mpaka awe amekaa gerezani kwa muda wa miaka 50.

At the end of the day, it will depend na sheria za nchi husika.

 

[EMT]

Well mkuu @RR, hata mimi nilikuwa naufahamu huu. Wajuzi watusaidie hapa. Je kifungo cha maisha yaweza maanisha kuwa ni maximum sentence katika nchi husika???

Kuna kesi huko Marekani mtu alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 1,000.

Tunaweza kusema hicho ni kifungo cha maisha na kuwa atapewa parole?

 

[EMT]

Mie siyo msomi bana, sasa ntajuaje jibu la hilo swali lako? Ndo maana nkakuuliza wewe msomi. Lakini cha ajabu na wewe unanigeuzia kibao. Damn it.

Mie siyo msomi pia.

But Judge Michael J. Russo of Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court sentenced the kidnapper, Mr. Castro, to life in prison without possibility of parole, and 1,000 years.

Sasa hapa huoni kama Rais atakayempa msahamaha atakuwa anakwenda kinyume na maamuzi ya mahakama?

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/us/cleveland-kidnapper-sentencing.html

 

[Nyani Ngabu]

Mie siyo msomi pia.

But Judge Michael J. Russo of Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court sentenced the kidnapper, Mr. Castro, to life in prison without possibility of parole, and 1,000 years.

Sasa hapa huoni kama Rais atakayempa msahamaha atakuwa anakwenda kinyume na maamuzi ya mahakama?

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/us/cleveland-kidnapper-sentencing.html

Damn! That judge threw the book at him.

 

[RR]

Mie siyo msomi pia.

But Judge Michael J. Russo of Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court sentenced the kidnapper, Mr. Castro, to life in prison without possibility of parole, and 1,000 years.

Sasa hapa huoni kama Rais atakayempa msahamaha atakuwa anakwenda kinyume na maamuzi ya mahakama?

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/us/cleveland-kidnapper-sentencing.html

Labda kuna tofauti ya parole na msamaha wa rais kwa misingi ya kibinadamu...
Najaribu kukumbuka kuna mtu aliachiwa na jk kwa huruma or something....hakua kwenye parole.
Rais (kwa Tanzania) anaweza kubadili adhabu ya kunyongwa ikawa kifungo cha maisha.....nadhani hata kupunguza kifungo.

 

[EMT]

Labda kuna tofauti ya parole na msamaha wa rais kwa misingi ya kibinadamu...
Najaribu kukumbuka kuna mtu aliachiwa na jk kwa huruma or something....hakua kwenye parole.
Rais (kwa Tanzania) anaweza kubadili adhabu ya kunyongwa ikawa kifungo cha maisha.....nadhani hata kupunguza kifungo.

Unamaanisha msanii wa muziki wa kizazi kipya nchini Khalid Mohammed maarufu kama TID ambaye inasemwa amekamtwa tena na polisi kwa kumpiga mpenziwe?

 

[Amavubi]

asante sana mkuu, wewe umenielewa vizuri sana lengo la mada hii, kuna watu wanachukulia sheria kwa urahisi sana

Mada nzuri Amavubi

Naomba kutanua mjadala kidogo.

Ukipitia hii case http://www.judiciary.go.tz:8081/hel...ppeal/TheRepublicVsMaryamWadud 10 OF 2010.htm

Kuna mahali wakili wa utetezi(kama alivyokuwa wakati huo) Dk. Fauz Twaib amenukuliwa aki_argue kwa maneno haya "imprisonment for life does not mean life imprisonment''.

Embu wanasheria wasomi tusaidiane katika kuijadili mantiki yake hapa.

cc; EMT, IDUNDA, iparamasa, MAKINYA

 

[Amavubi]

you make sense

Sometimes, mahakama inaweza kusema wazi kuwa mshtakiwa atatumikia kifungo cha maisha na hatakuwa eligible for parole mpaka awe amekaa gerezani kwa muda wa miaka 50.

At the end of the day, it will depend na sheria za nchi husika.

 

[Amavubi]

asanteeeeee, unahitaji kutulia sana kuusoma huu uzi

Hiyo kesi ilikuwa inamhusu Mtanzania aliyehukumiwa kifungo cha maisha cha huko Mauritius kwa mujibu wa sheria za nchi hiyo. Kwa mujibu wa sheria za nchi hiyo, adhabu ya kosa alilotenda (kuingiza nchini humo gramu 223.49 za heroin) iilikuwa ni kifungo cha maisha. Kwa vile Tanzania na Mauritius zina makubaliano ya kubadilishana wafungwa, Mtanzania huyo alihamishiwa Tanzania kuendelea na kifungo chake.

Hata hivyo, kwa mujibu wa sheria za Tanzania, adhabu ya kosa alilotenda ni kifungo cha miaka 20 hadi kifungo maisha. Hivyo basi akiwa Segerea, mfungwa huyo aliomba, pamoja na mambo mengine, aadhibiwe kwa mujibu wa sheria za Tanzania. Mahakama Kuu ilikubaliana naye kuwa adhabu aliyokuwa anatumikia ilikuwa kinyume na sheria za Tanzania na kwamba alistahili atumikie adhabu ya kifungo cha miaka 20 tuu.

Hata hivyo, DPP alikata rufaa Mahakama ya Rufaa na ndipo basi Dr.Fauz aka-argue mbele ya Mahakama hiyo kuwa "the minimum sentence for the offence against the respondent in Mauritius is life imprisonment, whereas in Tanzania, the sentence is twenty years to life imprisonment" na kuongeza kuwa "imprisonment for life does not mean life imprisonment, hence, the least available sentence should have been imposed." Baada ya kupitia vifungu vya sheria, Mahakama ya Rufaa ikasema kuwa japokuwa mtu anaweza kuhukumiwa kifungo cha maisha, hicho kifungo siyo "absolute".

Ninavyoelewa, literally, kifungo cha maisha maana yake aliyekutwa na hatia atabakia gerezani kwa kipindi chote cha maisha yake au mpaka atakapopewa msamaha na Rais. Kwenye baadhi ya kesi ambazo nimesoma, sometimes unakuta judge anamhukumu mshtakiwa kifungo cha maisha na kumtaka atumikie kifungo siyo chini ya miaka fulani. Kwa hiyo, mfunguwa akishatumikia muda uliowekwa na mahakama anaweza kuomba parole pamoja na kwamba kifungo chake ni cha maisha.

Kwa upande mwingine, kuna kesi nyingine kutokana na uzito wa kosa lenyewe, judge anaweza kumhukumu mshtakiwa kifungo cha maisha na kusizitiza kuwa kifungo cha maisha anamaanisha mshtakiwa ataishi maisha yake yote gerezani bila kupewa msamaha wa aina yoyote.

Kwa hiyo, kifungo cha maisha siyo kweli ni kifungo cha maisha. Kwa, mfano Bibi Titi Mohammed alifungwa kifungo cha maisha kwa kosa la uhaini lakini akasamehewa na Rais baada ya kutumikia miaka miwili tuu. cc Amavubi

 

[Amavubi]

Tuendelee kuzama

 

[Ivonya-Ngia]

Labda kuna tofauti ya parole na msamaha wa rais kwa misingi ya kibinadamu...
Najaribu kukumbuka kuna mtu aliachiwa na jk kwa huruma or something....hakua kwenye parole.
Rais (kwa Tanzania) anaweza kubadili adhabu ya kunyongwa ikawa kifungo cha maisha.....nadhani hata kupunguza kifungo.

Great submission RR

Ni kweli kuna tofauti kati ya prisoners' parole na presidential pardon. Parole kwa wafungwa katika Tanzania hutawaliwa na The Parole Boards Act(1994) na hii presidential pardon huongozwa na katiba ya JMT.

The Parole Boards Act(1994) imeweka mwongozo juu ya ku_grant parole kwa wafungwa. Section 4( Eligibility and
conditions for parole) inasema hivi;-

4. A prisoner who is serving a sentence of imprisonment for a period of eight years or more, shall be eligible for parole, if-
(a). he is not serving a life sentence;
(b). he is not serving a sentence for the offence of armed robbery, dealing in dangerous drugs or defilement;
(c). his sentence has not otherwise been commuted;
(d). he has served his sentence for four years or one third of the sentence, whichever of the two periods is longer;
(e). he has conducted himself with good behaviour for all of the time he has been serving the sentence before he is due for parole; and
(f). while on parole he complies with parole conditions laid down under section 7 of this Act

Note: Sina uhakika kama hii minimum sentence ya eight(8) years bado inasimama ama kuna amendment/revision imefanyika.

Presidential pardon imetajwa katika The Tanzanian Constitution(1977). Article 45 ya katiba inasema yafuatayo;-

45. (1) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Article, the President may do any of the following:

(a) grant a pardon to any person convicted by a court of law of any offence, and he may subject to law grant such pardon unconditionally or on conditions;
(b) grant any person a respite, either indefinitely or for a specified period, of the execution of any punishment imposed on that person for any offence;
(c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on any person for any offence; and
(d) remit the whole or part of any punishment imposed on any person for any offence, or remit the whole or part of any penalty of fine or forfeiture of property belonging to a convicted person which would otherwise be due to the Government of the United Republic on account of any offence.

(2) Parliament may enact law making provisions for the procedure to be followed by the President in the exercise of his powers under this Article.

(3) The provisions of this Article shall apply to persons convicted and punished in Tanzania Zanzibar and to punishments imposed in Tanzania Zanzibar under the law enacted by Parliament which applies to Tanzania Zanzibar, likewise such provisions shall apply to persons convicted and punished in Mainland Tanzania in accordance with law.
​

Note: Sifahamu kuhusu hii 45(2) imetekelezwa vipi au ndiyo tuseme The Parole Boards Act(1994) ndiyo accomplishment yake? Vinginevyo as the constitution supercedes other state laws namuona rais ananguvu sana kuliko hizi parole boards.

cc; EMT, Nyani Ngabu, Amavubi

 

[EMT]

Ivonya-Ngia asante kwa reference. So, kuna presidential pardon and prisoners' parole.

Inavyoonekana presidential pardon inampa mfungwa a complete forgiveness ya kosa aliloshtakiwa nalo wakati mfungwa akipewa parole bado anaweza akawa anatumikia kifungo chake uraini kiaina kulingana na restrictions alizopewa na parole board.

Kwa maana hiyo basi nitakuwa sawa kama nikisema kuwa mfungwa ambaye amesamehewa unconditionally na Rais hatakuwa na criminal record ya aina yoyote ya kosa husika kwenye file lake?

 

[Ivonya-Ngia]

Ivonya-Ngia asante kwa reference. So, kuna presidential pardon and prisoners' parole.

Inavyoonekana presidential pardon inampa mfungwa a complete forgiveness ya kosa aliloshtakiwa nalo wakati mfungwa akipewa parole bado anaweza akawa anatumikia kifungo chake uraini kiaina kulingana na restrictions alizopewa na parole board.

Kwa maana hiyo basi nitakuwa sawa kama nikisema kuwa mfungwa ambaye amesamehewa unconditionally na Rais hatakuwa na criminal record ya aina yoyote ya kosa husika kwenye file lake?

A well introspection EMT

Ni kweli kuwa presidential pardon inatoa forgiveness of a crime, cancellation of a penalty na restoring of ones' civil rights.

Parole inatoa mwanya wa kupunguza adhabu(lessening of a penalty) but without forgiveness for a crime. Hii huambatana na probation period. Utapata restoration of civil rights but with limitations. Mfano katika Marekani wafungwa hujaza restoration of civil rights forms zinazoambatanisha hizo limitations. Katika Tanzania baada ya kupata huruma ya parole utakuwa huru nje ya gereza kama raia yeyote ukiendelea na shughuri zako lakini utakosa zile haki ambazo zimeambatanishwa kisheria ku_exclude wale wote waliowahi kupatikana na hatia ya jinai mahakamani eg. The National Elections Act(1985) hairuhusu mgombea wa nafasi ya kisiasa kuwa na doa la hatia ya jinai.

Ila sasa nami umenichemsha bongo unaposema beneficiary wa presidential pardon hatakuwa tena na criminal records. Nachelea(legally) kusema kuwa forgiveness of a crime leads(amounts) to decontamination of criminal records. Hapa naomba nikiri sina precedence ya kusimamia. Nadhani tunahitaji utafiti wa ziada maana kwa tafsiri yangu maneno yako haya yananijengea dhana kuwa ikiwa huyu beneficiary kwa mara nyingine akipandishwa kizimbani kwa kosa jingine basi waendesha mashtaka na hakimu hawataruhusiwa kutumia criminal records zilizopelekea kifungo na baadae msamaha wa Rais hapo nyuma.

 

[Nyani Ngabu]

Kwa maana hiyo basi nitakuwa sawa kama nikisema kuwa mfungwa ambaye amesamehewa unconditionally na Rais hatakuwa na criminal record ya aina yoyote ya kosa husika kwenye file lake?

Hmm...mbona kama unazungumzia/umeulizia expungements hapo. Maana kwenye expungement ndiyo kuna kufuta kabisa hiyo rekodi ya uhalifu na kufanya kuwa kama hakukutokea kitu.

Sasa rais huwa anatoa expungements au huwa anatoa misamaha/ pardons (forgiveness)? Na kwenye misamaha sidhani kama rekodi inafutika.

Maana kama mtu ni convicted felon na kapewa tu msamaha na rais sioni kwa nini hiyo kumbukumbu ifutike.

But what do I know...mi mbeba maboksi tu:smile-big:.

 

[Amavubi]

of course yes

Great submission @RR

Ni kweli kuna tofauti kati ya prisoners' parole na presidential pardon. Parole kwa wafungwa katika Tanzania hutawaliwa na The Parole Boards Act(1994) na hii presidential pardon huongozwa na katiba ya JMT.

The Parole Boards Act(1994) imeweka mwongozo juu ya ku_grant parole kwa wafungwa. Section 4( Eligibility and
conditions for parole) inasema hivi;-

4. A prisoner who is serving a sentence of imprisonment for a period of eight years or more, shall be eligible for parole, if-
(a). he is not serving a life sentence;
(b). he is not serving a sentence for the offence of armed robbery, dealing in dangerous drugs or defilement;
(c). his sentence has not otherwise been commuted;
(d). he has served his sentence for four years or one third of the sentence, whichever of the two periods is longer;
(e). he has conducted himself with good behaviour for all of the time he has been serving the sentence before he is due for parole; and
(f). while on parole he complies with parole conditions laid down under section 7 of this Act

Note: Sina uhakika kama hii minimum sentence ya eight(8) years bado inasimama ama kuna amendment/revision imefanyika.

Presidential pardon imetajwa katika The Tanzanian Constitution(1977). Article 45 ya katiba inasema yafuatayo;-

45. (1) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Article, the President may do any of the following:

(a) grant a pardon to any person convicted by a court of law of any offence, and he may subject to law grant such pardon unconditionally or on conditions;
(b) grant any person a respite, either indefinitely or for a specified period, of the execution of any punishment imposed on that person for any offence;
(c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on any person for any offence; and
(d) remit the whole or part of any punishment imposed on any person for any offence, or remit the whole or part of any penalty of fine or forfeiture of property belonging to a convicted person which would otherwise be due to the Government of the United Republic on account of any offence.

(2) Parliament may enact law making provisions for the procedure to be followed by the President in the exercise of his powers under this Article.

(3) The provisions of this Article shall apply to persons convicted and punished in Tanzania Zanzibar and to punishments imposed in Tanzania Zanzibar under the law enacted by Parliament which applies to Tanzania Zanzibar, likewise such provisions shall apply to persons convicted and punished in Mainland Tanzania in accordance with law.
​

Note: Sifahamu kuhusu hii 45(2) imetekelezwa vipi au ndiyo tuseme The Parole Boards Act(1994) ndiyo accomplishment yake? Vinginevyo as the constitution supercedes other state laws namuona rais ananguvu sana kuliko hizi parole boards.

cc; EMT, Nyani Ngabu, Amavubi