Madhara ya Kidadavuzi Mpakato Kwa Wanaume

[Amavubi]

In this day and age many people use their laptop as their primary computer, so it’s important to have it setup correctly in order to avoid back pain, neck pain, and other musculoskeletal injuries or strains. The problem is that laptop computers are designed with portability in mind rather than sound ergonomic principles. Basically, if the screen is at the right height then the keyboard is too high, and if the keyboard is in the right position, then the screen is too close and too low.And laptop touchpads and trackballs are never very user friendly. Given these challenges,

 

[Amavubi]

Dec. 8, 2004 -- Male fertility may be affected by perching laptop computers on the lap, according to a new study.
Balancing laptop computers on the lap raises the scrotum's temperature, say researchers including Yefim Sheynkin, MD, FACS, of the urology department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
About 15%-20% of couples that want to get pregnant aren't able to conceive. Many of those cases trace back to issues relating to the male. Gradually declining sperm production has been noted in recent decades, say the researchers.
Elevated scrotal temperatures have been linked to male infertility. Many factors can raise scrotal temperature, including hot baths, saunas, and tight jockey shorts.
Laptop computers may also belong on that list, say Sheynkin's team. They studied 29 healthy young men ages 21 to 35 for two, one-hour sessions in a climate-controlled room.
Participants were all similarly dressed in casual clothes. After having their body temperature taken and standing in the room for 15 minutes to adjust to the room's temperature, they sat down and were given working or nonworking laptop computers.
The researchers used two brands of Pentium 4 laptop computers. The brands aren't identified in the study, which appears in the European journal Human Reproduction.
The men balanced the computers on their laps. The researchers then removed the nonworking computers, instructing the men to hold the position for the rest of the session. Participants with working laptop computers kept the computers in place throughout the session.
The men's scrotal temperature was recorded every three minutes. The temperature on the bottom of the working computers was also monitored.
Scrotal temperature rose with the working and nonworking computers. However, the working laptops prompted a greater increase in scrotal temperature -- around a 5 degrees Fahrenheit increase (or about 2.7 degrees Celsius).
Participants without working laptops had a scrotal temperature increase of about 3 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit (2.1 degrees Celsius).
Technology doesn't deserve all the blame. The position required to balance a laptop computer in the lap -- with thighs close together to balance the computers -- also increases scrotal temperature. Still, the heat generated by the laptops adds to the problem.
In the study, the bottom of the laptop computers rose from about 88 degrees Fahrenheit (31 degrees Celsius) to almost 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) after an hour. Both brands had similar temperature increases.
"Working on laptop computers in a laptop position causes significant scrotal temperature elevation as a result of heat exposure and posture-related effects," say the researchers.
Is the increase enough to impair male fertility? The researchers can't say for sure. However, they note that another study showed that sperm concentration dropped by 40% when median daytime scrotal temperature rose by 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (or 1 degree Celsius).

 

[Amavubi]

Men and teenage boys should think twice before placing a laptop computer on
their laps as they can lower sperm counts and reduce your chances of fathering a
child. If you are male, thinking about having a family, or even a decade away
from planning a family, you may be better off placing your laptop on a desk.


The increasing popularity of laptop computers (LC), coupled with
existing evidence that elevated scrotal temperature can result in sperm damage,
prompted researchers from the State University of New York at Stony Brook to
undertake the first study into the effect of heat from LC on scrotal
temperature.

The findings are reported in Europe's leading reproductive
medicine journal Human Reproduction[1]. They show that using an LC on the lap
increased the left scrotal temperature by a median 2.6°C and the right by a
median 2.8°C. Several previous studies have shown that increases in testicular
or scrotal temperatures of between 1°C and 2.9°C are associated with a sustained
and considerable negative effect on spermatogenesis and fertility.

nimepekua pekua nikaona niwatupie tujadili

 

[Amavubi]

5 Tips for Using a Laptop Computer

1. Un-ergonomic Laptops - the design of laptops violates a basic
   ergonomic requirement for a computer, namely that the keyboard and screen are
   separated. In the early days of personal computing desktop devices integrated
   the screen and keyboard into a single unit, and this resulted in widespread
   complaints of musculoskeletal discomfort. By the late 1970's a number of
   ergonomics design guidelines were written and all called for the separation of
   screen and keyboard. The reason is simple - with a fixed design, if the keyboard
   is in an optimal position for the user, the screen isn't and if the screen is
   optimal the keyboard isn't. Consequently, laptops are excluded from current
   ergonomic design requirements because none of the designs satisfy this basic
   need. This means that you need to pay special attention to how you use your
   laptop because it can cause you problems.
2. Laptop User Type - how to you use your laptop? Are you an
   occasional user who works on your laptop for short periods of time or are
   you a full-time user with the laptop as your main computer? Occasional
   users will have less risk of problems than full-time users. All users should pay
   some attention to how they use their laptop, but full-time users may have more
   problems.
3. Laptop Posture - as indicated above, laptops violate basic ergonomic
   design requirements, so using a laptop is a tradeoff between poor neck/head
   posture and poor hand/wrist posture.
   • Occasional Users - because the neck/head position is determined by
     the actions of large muscles, you are better off sacrificing neck posture rather
     than wrist posture. For occasional use:
     • find a chair that is comfortable and that you can sit back in
     • positioning your laptop in your lap for the most neutral wrist posture that
       you can achieve
     • angling the laptop screen so that you can see this with the least amount of
       neck deviation
     
     
   • Full-time Users - if you use your laptop at work as your main
     computer you should:
     • position this on your desk/worksurface in front of you so that you can see
       the screen without bending your neck. This may require that you elevate the
       laptop off the desk surface using a stable support surface, such as a computer
       monitor pedestal.
     • use a separate keyboard and mouse. You should be able to connect a keyboard
       and mouse directly to the back of the laptop or to a docking station
     • use the keyboard on a negative-tilt
       keyboard tray to ensure a wrist neutral posture
     • use the mouse on an adjustable position mouse platform
     • follow the postural guidelines for working at a
       computer workstation
   
   
4. Laptop dimensions - many laptops offer large screens (15" plus) and
   can work as desktop replacements (giving the viewing area of a 17" monitor).
   However, think about where you will most use your laptop to help you choose the
   best size. The larger the screen the more difficult it will be to use this in
   mobile locations (e.g. airplane, car, train). There are a number of smaller
   notebook and ultraportable laptops on the market. Consider issues of screen size
   and screen resolution. A small screen (e.g.12.1") will be useful in mobile
   settings, but if the resolution is high (e.g. XGA - 1024 x 768) make sure that
   you can read the screen characters and can easily use the input device to point
   to areas on the screen. The smaller the laptop, the smaller the keyboard, so
   make sure that you can comfortably type on a keyboard that may be only 75% the
   size of a regular keyboard.
5. Laptop weight - if you are a mobile professional who will be
   frequently transporting your laptop think about the weight of the system. By the
   word 'system' I mean the weight of the laptop plus the required accessories
   (e.g. power supply, spare battery, external disk drive, zip drive, CD_RW, DVD,
   Blu Ray etc.). Many lightweight portables can become as heavy as regular laptops
   when you add the weight of all of the components together. If your laptop +
   components weighs 10lbs or more then you should certainly consider using a
   carry-on bag that you can pull along. If you want a smaller bag and can
   comfortably carry your laptop consider a good shoulder bag design (e.g. see
   "The Perfect Laptop Bag" article 1, article

 

[Amavubi]

ningeomba mwenye ufafanuzi zaidi atuwekee humu, ikiwa ni pamoja na ushuhuda

 

[Amavubi]

More Tips

1. Use a large screen. Get a laptop with the largest screen possible for your needs to avoid the stressful posture that results from straining to see the text on a small screen. Many laptops offer large screens (15" plus), but these can be difficult to use while on the go. There are a number of smaller notebook and ultra-portable laptops on the market, and while a smaller screen (12.1") can be useful in mobile settings, make sure that you’re able to read the screen characters and easily use the keyboard (the smaller the laptop, the smaller the keyboard). If you find yourself straining to see your screen, increase the font size.
2. Place the screen at eye level. Ideally, set your laptop height and screen angle so you can easily view the screen without bending or rotating your neck, and put it about an arm’s length in front of you. To do this, you will usually need to elevate the laptop a few inches above your desk, which you can do by placing it on a stable support surface such as a laptop stand or on a thick book.
3. Don’t slouch. Despite the name “laptop”, you want to avoid propping your laptop on top of your lap as this requires you to slouch down to see the screen.If you have to work on your lap, such as while you’re on the train, at least put the laptop on top of your computer bag or briefcase so you can raise it up slightly.
4. Use a separate keyboard. When using the laptop for extended periods, use an external, full-sized keyboard with your laptop and position it at a height that allows your shoulders and arms to be in a relaxed position, with your elbows at a 90° angle when typing. Ideally, place the separate keyboard on a keyboard tray beneath your desk surface to help ensure that your wrists stay in a neutral (flat) position.
5. Use a separate mouse. Be kind to your wrists by using an independent mouse rather than the mouse that’s incorporated into your laptop keyboard. Ideally, place the mouse on an adjustable-position mouse platform so you can keep it near your body and keep your wrist flat while using it.

 

[Amavubi]

1. Recline slightly. If you can't use a separate keyboard and mouse, an alternative is to find a chair that allows you to recline slightly. This will allow you to position the laptop keyboard and mouse with the least strain on your neck. Angle the screen slightly upward so that you can view the screen without having to bend your neck too far down.
2. Prop up your feet. If you have to raise your chair so that your arms and wrists are positioned comfortably, check to see how your legs are angled. Your knees should be at about the level of your hips. If your hips are too high, you need to put a footrest or small box under your feet to prop them up and keep excess strain off your lower back.
3. Make your chair work for you. The type of office chair you use is critical.Basically, any office chair that is fully adjustable and has lumbar support will work, but you need to be sure to set it up correctly.Follow this diagram on how to set up your office chair.
4. Take a break. Take brief breaks every half hour, at the very least taking your eyes off the screen and letting them rest on something in the distance, and doing some simple stretches while at your desk, such as stretching your neck, shoulders, arms and legs. Every one or two hours, leave your desk to walk around to get your blood flowing and move your muscles. Downloadable Stretch Break™ software reminds you to stretch and gives you stretching ideas.
5. Travel light. Be careful when carrying your laptop around. The power supply cord, spare battery and other accessories in your laptop bag may add a lot of weight. If you carry your laptop to work and home again, get duplicate power cords and other peripheral components to leave in each place so that you don't have to carry everything back and forth. Carry your bag across your lower back in a messenger bag style, or use a backpack with dual padded shoulder straps (and avoid draping the bag over just one shoulder). If your laptop and components weigh more than 10 lbs, a roll-along carrier is the best choice.

I realize that not all of the above tips will always be practical, but if you use your laptop daily, paying attention to how you set it up will go a long way to easing back pain and strain on your joints and muscles.
Additional Resource

• Laptop Computer Ergonomic Tips

 

[danali]

google come and translate iki kimombo mana shule yetu ilibomoka

 

[Amavubi]

hapo ni kupata wazo la mantiki tu (concept note) kwamba kidadavuzi mpakato ukkikipakata kinapunguza nguvu za mbeu za kiume na huenda kikakufanya usiwa rijali...........

 

[Evelyn Salt]

hapo ni kupata wazo la mantiki tu (concept note) kwamba kidadavuzi mpakato ukkikipakata kinapunguza nguvu za mbeu za kiume na huenda kikakufanya usiwa rijali...........

Mi nikiipakata hii yangu nahisi maumivu ya tumbo, nikiitoa yanaisha sijui ndo nini.....

 

[Amavubi]

Mi nikiipakata hii yangu nahisi maumivu ya tumbo, nikiitoa yanaisha sijui ndo nini.....

umenifanya na mimi nihisi, cha msingi acha kupakata, vipo vingi vya kupakata, maumivu yakizidi muone daktari

 

[danali]

cha msingi acha kupakata, vipo vingi vya kupakata,

hili nalo neno:confused2: