Haya nime copy hayo maelezo ya maana ya self-esteem
DefinitionsThe original normal definition presents self-esteem as a ratio found by dividing one's successes in areas of life of importance to a given individual by the failures in them or one's "success / pretensions".[SUP]
[10][/SUP] Problems with this approach come from making self-esteem contingent upon success: this implies inherent instability because failure can occur at any moment.[SUP]
[11][/SUP] In the mid 1960s,
Morris Rosenberg and social-learning theorists defined self-esteem in terms of a stable sense of personal worth or worthiness.[SUP]
[12][/SUP]
Nathaniel Branden in 1969 defined self-esteem as "...the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness". According to Branden, self-esteem is the sum of
self-confidence (a feeling of personal capacity) and
self-respect (a feeling of personal worth). It exists as a consequence of the implicit judgement that every person does about, on one side, his/her ability to face life's challenges, that is, to understand and solve problems, and, on the other side, his right to achieve
happiness, or, in other words, to respect and defend his own interests and needs.[SUP]
[8][/SUP] This two-factor approach, as some have also called it, provides a balanced definition that seems to be capable of dealing with limits of defining self-esteem primarily in terms of competence or worth alone.[SUP]
[13][/SUP]
Branden's description of self-esteem includes the following primary properties:
- self-esteem as a basic human need, i.e., "...it makes an essential contribution to the life process", "...is indispensable to normal and healthy self-development, and has a value for survival."
- self-esteem as an automatic and inevitable consequence of the sum of individuals' choices in using their consciousness
- something experienced as a part of, or background to, all of the individuals thoughts, feelings and actions.
Branden's concept of self-esteem is graduated, involving three main levels:
- To have a high self-esteem is to feel confidently capable for life, or, in Branden's words, to feel able and worthy, or to feel right as a person.[SUP][8][/SUP]
- To have a low self-esteem corresponds to not feeling ready for life, or to feeling wrong as a person.[SUP][8][/SUP]
- To have a middle ground self-esteem is to waver between the two states above, that is, to feel able and useless, right and wrong as a person, and to show these incongruities in behavior, acting at times wisely, and at rashly others, thus reinforcing insecurity.[SUP][8][/SUP]
Implicit self-esteem refers to a person's disposition to evaluate themselves positively or negatively in a spontaneous, automatic, or unconscious manner. It contrasts with
explicit self-esteem, which entails more conscious and reflective self-evaluation. Both
explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem are subtypes of self-esteem proper. Implicit self-esteem is assessed using indirect measures of
cognitive processing, including the
Name Letter Task[SUP]
[14][/SUP] Such indirect measures are designed to reduce awareness of, or control of, the process of assessment. When used to assess implicit self-esteem, they feature stimuli designed to represent the
self, such as personal pronouns (e.g., "I") or letters in one's name.[SUP]
[citation needed][/SUP]
[h=3][
edit] Variations[/h]Level and quality of self-esteem, though correlated, remain distinct:
- in terms of its constancy over time (stability)
- in terms of its independence of meeting particular conditions (non-contingency)
- in terms of its ingrained nature at a basic psychological level (implicitness or automatized)
[h=2][
edit] Measurement[/h]For the purposes of empirical research, psychologists typically assess self-esteem by a
self-report inventory yielding a quantitative result. They establish the validity and reliability of the questionnaire prior to its use.
Whereas popular lore recognizes just "high" self-esteem and "low" self-esteem, the
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965) and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (1967/1981) both quantify it in more detail, and feature among the most widely used systems for measuring self-esteem. The Rosenberg test usually uses a ten-question battery scored on a four-point response system that requires participants to indicate their level of agreement with a series of statements about themselves. The Coopersmith Inventory uses a 50-question battery over a variety of topics and asks subjects whether they rate someone as similar or dissimilar to themselves.[SUP]
[15][/SUP]
[h=3][
edit] Levels[/h]Self-esteem is a graduated concept. Taking this into consideration, people may essentially have three main degrees of self-esteem:
- To have a high self-esteem is to feel confidently capable for life, or, in Branden's words, to feel able and worth, or to feel right as a person.[SUP][8][/SUP]
- To have a low self-esteem corresponds to not feeling ready for life, or to feeling wrong as a person.[SUP][8][/SUP]
- To have a middle ground self-esteem is to waver between the two states above, that is, to feel able and useless, right and wrong as a person, and to show these incongruities in behavior, acting, at times, wisely, and rashly at others, thus reinforcing insecurity.[SUP][8][/SUP]
In practice, and according to Nathaniel Branden's experience, everybody is able to develop positive self-esteem, and nobody has a totally undeveloped self-esteem. The more flexible is a person, the better he can resist everything that would otherwise make him fall into failure or desperation.[SUP]
[8][/SUP]
[h=2][
edit] Positive self-esteem[/h]
Pyramid of Maslow.
People with a healthy level of self-esteem:[SUP]
[16][/SUP]
- firmly believe in certain values and principles, and are ready to defend them even when finding opposition, feeling secure enough to modify them in light of experience.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- are able to act according to what they think to be the best choice, trusting their own judgment, and not feeling guilty when others don't like their choice.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- do not lose time worrying excessively about what happened in the past, nor about what could happen in the future. They learn from the past and plan for the future, but live in the present intensely.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- fully trust in their capacity to solve problems, not hesitating after failures and difficulties. They ask others for help when they need it.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- consider themselves equal in dignity to others, rather than inferior or superior, while accepting differences in certain talents, personal prestige or financial standing.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- take for granted that they are an interesting and valuable person for others, at least for those with whom they have a friendship.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- resist manipulation, collaborate with others only if it seems appropriate and convenient.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- admit and accept different internal feelings and drives, either positive or negative, revealing those drives to others only when they choose.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- are able to enjoy a great variety of activities.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- are sensitive to feelings and needs of others; respect generally accepted social rules, and claim no right or desire to prosper at others' expense.[SUP][9][/SUP]
[h=3][
edit] Importance[/h]
Abraham Maslow states that no psychological health is possible unless the essential core of the person is fundamentally accepted, loved and respected by others and by his self. Self-esteem allows people to face life with more confidence, benevolence and optimism, and thus easily reach their goals and self-actualize.[SUP]
[8][/SUP] It allows oneself to be more
ambitious, but not with respect to possessions or success, but with respect to what one can experience
emotionally,
creatively and
spiritually. To develop self-esteem is to widen the capacity to be happy; self-esteem allows people to be convinced they deserve
happiness.[SUP]
[8][/SUP] Understanding this is fundamental, and universally beneficial, since the development of positive self-esteem increases the capacity to treat other people with respect, benevolence and goodwill, thus favoring rich interpersonal relationships and avoiding destructive ones.[SUP]
[8][/SUP] For
Erich Fromm,
love of others and love of ourselves are not alternatives. On the contrary, an attitude of love toward themselves will be found in all those who are capable of loving others.
Self-esteem allows
creativity at the workplace, and is a specially critical condition for
teaching professions.[SUP]
[17][/SUP]
José-Vicente Bonet reminds us that the importance of self-esteem is obvious when one realizes that the opposite of it is not the esteem of others, but self-rejection, a characteristic of that state of great unhappiness that we call "
depression".[SUP]
[9][/SUP] As
Freud put it, the depressive has suffered 'an extraordinary diminution in his self-regard, an impoverishment of his ego on a grand scale....He has lost his self-respect'.[SUP]
[18][/SUP]
The Yogyakarta Principles, a document on
international human rights law adress that discriminatory attitude toward
LGBT peoples make their self-esteem low to be subject to human rights violation including
human trafficking.[SUP]
[19][/SUP] And
World Health Organization recommends at "Preventing Suicide" published in 2000 the strengthening student's self-esteem to protect children and adrescents against mental distress and despondency, and emable them to cope adequately with difficult ans stressful life situations.[SUP]
[20][/SUP]
[h=2][
edit] Low self-esteem[/h]A person with low self-esteem may show some of the following symptoms:[SUP]
[21][/SUP]
- Heavy self-criticism, tending to create a habitual state of dissatisfaction with oneself.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Hypersensitivity to criticism, which makes oneself feel easily attacked and experience obstinate resentment against critics.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Chronic indecision, not so much because of lack of information, but from an exaggerated fear of making a mistake.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Excessive will to please: being unwilling to say "no", out of fear of displeasing the petitioner.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Perfectionism, or self-demand to do everything attempted "perfectly" without a single mistake, which can lead to frustration when perfection is not achieved.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Neurotic guilt: one is condemned for behaviors which not always are objectively bad, exaggerates the magnitude of mistakes or offenses and complains about them indefinitely, never reaching full forgiveness.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Floating hostility, irritability out in the open, always on the verge of exploding even for unimportant things; an attitude characteristic of somebody who feels bad about everything, who is disappointed or unsatisfied with everything.[SUP][9][/SUP]
- Defensive tendencies, a general negative (one is pessimistic about everything: life, future, and, above all, oneself) and a general lack of will to enjoy life.[SUP][[/SUP]
Hivi NK mtu mwneye low self esteem sijui...inakuwaje hasa....mi hata sielewi maana yake hebu do ze nidiful apo basi...kish tuendelee
