Sayansi ya Matetemeko ya Ardhi

[The Transporter]

1: Pamoja na ukuaji mkubwa wa Technologia yenye vifaa vya kisasa kabisa hapa Duniani, hakuna kifaa au hakuna tekinolojia ya kuweza Kupredict kwamba tetemeko litatokea sehemu fulani na kwa muda fulani, watu wanachanganya sana na haya mambo ya kupatwa kwa jua au mwezi na mwisho wa siku wanaona ni kama vitu vinavyofanana kumbe sio
Mzunguko wa Jua, Mwezi na Dunia unajulikana na pia speed ya hivyo vyote inajulikana na kutokana na hivyo wanasayansi wanaweza kujua ni lini vitu hivyo (Dunia, Jua na Mwezi) vitakuwa kwenye mstari mmoja na uelekeo wake yaani sehemu gani huo muelekeo ndio utaonekana at maximum, so Dunia, Jua na Mwezi haviwezi kuwa kwenye mstari mmoja kwa dunia nzima bali ni sehemu tu na kwa Mwaka huu sehemu ya Wangingombe ndio hivyo vitu vilikuwa viko kwenye Mstari mmoja,

Kwa kifupi hakuna kipimo cha kupredict Tetemeko la Ardhi

2: sijui hapo unamaanisha nini, kuratibu kwa maana gani?,

3: East African lift Valley inaanzia Bahari ya Sham na kuishia Mozambique, inaanza kama lift valley moja na ikifika maeneo ya kuanzia Ethiopia, linaanza kugawanyika na kwa hapa Tanzania tunapata pande mbili za lift Valley, Eastern na Western na hizo branch zinaenda kuungangana tena kwenye ziwa Nyasa na zinaingia Mozambique kama rift valley moja
Kwa branch ya Eastern Mikoa inayokuwa na Matetemeko ni Arusha, Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro (kidogo) kisha lift valley ianenda kuungana na Western branch, Branch ya Western ina Mikoa ya Kagera, Kigoma, Rukwa, Katavi, Mbeya na kisha inaingia Nyasa

Vitu kama Lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa, safu za Milima (Kitonga, Senkeke), Mt. Kilimanjaro, Meru, Oldonyo Lengai, Ngorongoro Crater ni evidence za hizo lift Valley

Ziwa Victoria mpaka sasa halijathibitishwa kuwa lina uhusiano wowote na lift Valley

Umefafanua vizuri sana nimeipenda ila ningeomba na mie niulize kitu flan ambacho na sipo vizuri hili japo nawezakuwa natoka kwenye mada ila kwa sababu umegusia ngoja niulize ni hivi;
Kwa mfano issue iliyotokea ya kupatwa kwa jua kama dunia inazunguka jua na mwezi unazunguka dunia na dunia inamaliza mzunguko wake kwa siku 365 ¼ na kuanza upya mzunguko wake ninanyoamini dunia inapita mule mule haihami njia kwanini huku kupatwa kwa jua kusiwe kunatokea Kila mwaka na sehemu ile ile? Lakini hali hiyo IPO tofauti haitokei Kila mwaka?

 

[Philipo D. Ruzige]

Wataalamu wa seismology wapo ila hawatumiwi..
Binafsi namfahamu lecturer wangu ni seisomologist mkubwa sana hapa bongo ila ndo hivo

 

[Kituko]

Umefafanua vizuri sana nimeipenda ila ningeomba na mie niulize kitu flan ambacho na sipo vizuri hili japo nawezakuwa natoka kwenye mada ila kwa sababu umegusia ngoja niulize ni hivi;
Kwa mfano issue iliyotokea ya kupatwa kwa jua kama dunia inazunguka jua na mwezi unazunguka dunia na dunia inamaliza mzunguko wake kwa siku 365 ¼ na kuanza upya mzunguko wake ninanyoamini dunia inapita mule mule haihami njia kwanini huku kupatwa kwa jua kusiwe kunatokea Kila mwaka na sehemu ile ile? Lakini hali hiyo IPO tofauti haitokei Kila mwaka?

Hapo tofauti iko kwenye speed ya mzunguko wa Dunia na Mwezi, mfano ni kama kuna gari mbili moja inakimbia 100Km/hr na inaanza kuondoka point A, na baada ya saa moja gari nyingine yenye Speed 200Km/hr nayo inaondoka point A, kama gari zote zitakuwa kwenye mwendo huohuo basi baada ya saa moja nyingine hiyo gari yenye speed 200 itaikuta hiyo gari ya kwanza kuondoka, na kama zinaenda kwenye njia yenye mzunguko kama zile zilizo kwenye formula one, unakuta gari moja inaweza ipita gari nyingine na ikaizunguka na kisha kuja kuipita tena
So iisue kubwa ni speed ya mzunguko

 

[Michael Chairman]

Sema hivyo,sasa itabidi nchi nzima ipate elimu ya tufanye nini tetemeko linapotokea,sema Tanzania hatukuwa nchi ambayo yaani tupo promatetemeko kama ilivyo Japan ,tuliamini we are safe.Hata Japan Tsunami iliwafundisha ,maana walijenga nuclear power zao zinazoweza himili matetemeko ila wakasahau what if Tsunami ikija,ilipokuja kila mtu anajua kilichotokea Fukushima.Hopefuly sasa Tanzania kila mtu yupo aware,though tetemeko halina taarifa assume linatokea Dar kwenye yale magorofa hapo hata zile safety measures hazitasaidia,na hivi magorofa yetu yamejengwa bila kufuata what if tetemeko likitokea.

Asante sana tumeelewana

 

[Code Breaker]

Natanguliza pole kwa wahanga waliofikwa na maafa ya tetemeko la ardhi lilitokea tarehe 10/9/2016 katika mikoa ya Kagera na Mwanza.

Kuna mambo napenda kuuliza kwa wanajamvi wenye uelewa kuhusu matetemeko ya ardhi.

1. Je, kuna mfumo au sayansi inayoweza kugundua viashiria au dalili za kutokea tetemeko la ardhi na kutoa taarifa kabla halijatokea.

2. Je, kwa nchi yetu ya Tanzania kuna kituo cha kuratibu mateemeko ya ardhi
3.Kwa jiografia ya nchi yetu ni maeneno gani yako katika hatari ya kukumbwa na tetemeko la ardhi?

Chief nami pia naungana nawe katika kutoa pole kwa waathirika wa tetemeko la ardhi katika mikoa ya Kanda ya ziwa hususan mkoa wa Kagera..
Nikija katika maswali yako naomba nijibu kwa mpangilio wako..
1.Kwanza kabisa mpaka sasa hakuna kifaa au science inayoweza tabiri kutokea kwa tetemeko la ardhi... Chance ya kutabiri ni ndogo sana, na kihistoria ni 1/1000. Tofauti na majanga mengine ya asili kama mafuriko, au milipuko ya volcano inayoweza tabiriwa kwa kuunganisha takwimu za matukio ya nyuma, matetemeko ya ardhi ni tata kwani vyanzo vyake vinapatikana chini ya ardhi mbali na havina sehemu maalumu vinapopatikana hivyo kuwa ngumu kwa wanasayansi hata kama wangekuwa na vifaa vya kupredict hivyo vyanzo wasingejua sehemu ya kuviweka kwani mfumo wa dunia ni tata mno..
Ila pia Kuna matetemeko ya ardhi ambayo husababishwa na matokeo kama ya milipuko ya volcano, sasa kwa case hii ni kuchanganua kwa kina Muda ambao ni likely kwa mlipuko na ukishajua basi utatoa tahadhari kulingana na Muda mlipuko huo utajapojitokeza...NI NGUMU KUTABIRI TETEMEKO LA ARDHI, HATA NCHI ZA TECH YA JUU KAMA JAPAN WANATAMBUA HILO..
Matetemeko ya ardhi yanapotokea yanarekodiwa na vifaa vilivyowekwa "juu ya ardhi" vinavyoitwa Seismograph, vinavyofanya kazi ya kurekodi mawimbi yanayotokea wakati wa tetemeko na kutoa graph inayoitwa Seismogram..Na hapo ndipo wataalam wanakuja na ukubwa wa tetemeko kwa kuzingatia kipimo cha Richter... Tanzania tuna vitu vya kurekodi matetemeko ya ardhi (Seismological stations) vilivyowekwa kwa kuzingatia maeneo ambayo ni "prone" kwa matetemeko hasa maeneo yanayozunguka bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki. (East African Rift Valley).. Naomba rejea ramani ya bonde la ufa la Africa mashariki...Chanzo cha Tetemeko la mwezi huu kilikuwa kilomita 10 chini ya ardhi na karibu kabisa na mkondo wa magharibi wa bonde la ufa la Africa Mashariki..

 

[Code Breaker]

1: Pamoja na ukuaji mkubwa wa Technologia yenye vifaa vya kisasa kabisa hapa Duniani, hakuna kifaa au hakuna tekinolojia ya kuweza Kupredict kwamba tetemeko litatokea sehemu fulani na kwa muda fulani, watu wanachanganya sana na haya mambo ya kupatwa kwa jua au mwezi na mwisho wa siku wanaona ni kama vitu vinavyofanana kumbe sio
Mzunguko wa Jua, Mwezi na Dunia unajulikana na pia speed ya hivyo vyote inajulikana na kutokana na hivyo wanasayansi wanaweza kujua ni lini vitu hivyo (Dunia, Jua na Mwezi) vitakuwa kwenye mstari mmoja na uelekeo wake yaani sehemu gani huo muelekeo ndio utaonekana at maximum, so Dunia, Jua na Mwezi haviwezi kuwa kwenye mstari mmoja kwa dunia nzima bali ni sehemu tu na kwa Mwaka huu sehemu ya Wangingombe ndio hivyo vitu vilikuwa viko kwenye Mstari mmoja,

Kwa kifupi hakuna kipimo cha kupredict Tetemeko la Ardhi

2: sijui hapo unamaanisha nini, kuratibu kwa maana gani?,

3: East African lift Valley inaanzia Bahari ya Sham na kuishia Mozambique, inaanza kama lift valley moja na ikifika maeneo ya kuanzia Ethiopia, linaanza kugawanyika na kwa hapa Tanzania tunapata pande mbili za lift Valley, Eastern na Western na hizo branch zinaenda kuungangana tena kwenye ziwa Nyasa na zinaingia Mozambique kama rift valley moja
Kwa branch ya Eastern Mikoa inayokuwa na Matetemeko ni Arusha, Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro (kidogo) kisha lift valley ianenda kuungana na Western branch, Branch ya Western ina Mikoa ya Kagera, Kigoma, Rukwa, Katavi, Mbeya na kisha inaingia Nyasa

Vitu kama Lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa, safu za Milima (Kitonga, Senkeke), Mt. Kilimanjaro, Meru, Oldonyo Lengai, Ngorongoro Crater ni evidence za hizo lift Valley

Ziwa Victoria mpaka sasa halijathibitishwa kuwa lina uhusiano wowote na lift Valley

Hongera kwa ufafanuzi wako ila jitahidi kuandika "Rift" badala ya "Lift" kwasababu inaleta maana tofauti... (Nimesema hivyo kwakuwa umelitumia zaidi ya mara moja..)

 

[Kituko]

Hongera kwa ufafanuzi wako ila jitahidi kuandika "Rift" badala ya "Lift" kwasababu inaleta maana tofauti... (Nimesema hivyo kwakuwa umelitumia zaidi ya mara moja..)

Asante

 

[mwengeso]

Wanajamvi wengi humu wanauliza na kujibu kisiasa zaidi kuliko kisayansi. Yaani ubishi usio na tija.

Ukweli Tanzania hatujapata tetemeko la ardhi lenye ukubwa kama lilitokea hivi karibuni.

Tetemeko la ardhi haliwezi kubashiria ila kuelezeka, kama ilivyo kifo, yaani kifo kimrsababishwa na nini.

Kama ilivyo kifo, hakiwezi kuepukika ila tahadhari zinaweza kuchukuliwa kwa kuweka mwili katika afya njema.

Hivyo hivyo, katika maeneo hatarishi ya tetemeko la ardhi (yanajulikana) ni budi kuwa na tahadhari kujenga nyumba imara.

Kwa silika ya binadamu, tahadhari hizo hazitiliwa maanani, ila zinachukuliwa kisiasa, na linapotokea tetemeko, lawama kwa serikali. Mfano hai ni wale wanaoishi mabondeni kamwe hawaondoki japo hatari ya mafuriko kila mara huwanyemelea

 

[aseenga]

Hakuna kifaa sahihi cha kutabiri matetemeko kabla ya kutokea, ila kuna kipimo cha kupima ukubwa wa tetemeko. Pia kuna njia zisizo rasmi zinazotumika kutabiri na zaid wanyama ndo wanaotumika dk chache kabla ya tetemeko. Wanyama huonyesha tabia za tofaut kwa mfano kukimbia huku na huko na kama kuna ndege juu ya mti utaona wanaruka na kukimbia. Kuhusu maeneo ni kama wachache walivyosema hapo juu, kuna maeneo yanaitwa zones of weakness, yapo afrika yapo ulaya, yapo asia pia america. Na kuna sababu ya hawa maeneo kuitwa hivyo

 

[Makanyaga]

Wanajamvi wengi humu wanauliza na kujibu kisiasa zaidi kuliko kisayansi. Yaani ubishi usio na tija.

Ukweli Tanzania hatujapata tetemeko la ardhi lenye ukubwa kama lilitokea hivi karibuni.

Tetemeko la ardhi haliwezi kubashiria ila kuelezeka, kama ilivyo kifo, yaani kifo kimrsababishwa na nini.

Kama ilivyo kifo, hakiwezi kuepukika ila tahadhari zinaweza kuchukuliwa kwa kuweka mwili katika afya njema.

Hivyo hivyo, katika maeneo hatarishi ya tetemeko la ardhi (yanajulikana) ni budi kuwa na tahadhari kujenga nyumba imara.

Kwa silika ya binadamu, tahadhari hizo hazitiliwa maanani, ila zinachukuliwa kisiasa, na linapotokea tetemeko, lawama kwa serikali. Mfano hai ni wale wanaoishi mabondeni kamwe hawaondoki japo hatari ya mafuriko kila mara huwanyemelea

Matetemeko ya kutengeneza yapo pia. Soma hapa:

USGS FAQs - Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection - Do all wastewater disposal wells induce earthquakes?

https://www2.usgs.gov/faq/taxonomy/term/9833

Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection FAQs - 9 Found

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How large are the earthquakes induced by fluid injection?
The largest earthquake induced by fluid injection that has been documented in the scientific literature was the November 6, 2011 earthquake in central Oklahoma. It had a magnitude of 5.6. Earlier that year, a magnitude 5.3 earthquake was induced by fluid injection in the Raton Basin, Colorado. Earthquakes with magnitudes between 4.5 and 5.0 have been induced by fluid injection in Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.



Lakini pia, pamoja na kuwa matetemeko haya yana madhara sana sawa tu na alivyo SHETANI, kwa upande mwingine kwa sababau huwezi kuyazuia, yakishatokeatokea yana application zake kisayansi ambazo ni za muhimu pia. Data za mamtetemeko zinatumika kwenye OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION. Soma hapa:

Bob Hardage: Using seismic technologies in oil and gas exploration | EarthSky.org

Using seismic technologies in oil and gas exploration

Seismic waves, the same type of waves used to study earthquakes, are also used to explore deep underground for reservoirs of oil and natural gas.
Seismic waves – the same tool used to study earthquakes – are frequently used to search for oil and natural gas deep below Earth’s surface. These waves of energy move through the Earth, just as sound waves move through the air. In oil and gas exploration, seismic waves are sent deep into the Earth and allowed to bounce back. Geophysicists record the waves to learn about oil and gas reservoirs located beneath Earth’s surface. Bob Hardage of the University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology is an expert of the use of this technology for oil and gas exploration. He spoke to EarthSky’s Mike Brennan.

Two vibroseis sources working in unison to form a seismic source array across a CO2 sequestration site.

How are seismic technologies used in finding oil and gas today?

What we use in exploring for Earth’s energy resources is called reflection seismology. When you use seismic waves in the study of earthquakes, the earthquakes are the source of energy, that is, the source of the waves. But, in using reflection seismology for oil and gas exploration, we have to deploy some kind of an acceptable energy source on the surface of the Earth and then distribute an appropriate number of seismic sensors across the Earth’s surface that will record the waves that are reflected back.

So you’re sending seismic waves down into the Earth, they bounce back, and then you’ve got sensors across the surface of Earth that pick up those reflections?

Yes. That is exactly what is done. There are a variety of energy sources used. The most common one that’s used on shore is called vibroseis. They’re very large, heavy vehicles that weigh 60,000 to 70,000 pounds. They apply a base plate to the Earth, and they have a hydraulic system integrated into the vehicle that vibrates that base plate over a predetermined frequency range. So the vibroseis – which is what we would call the source station – becomes the energy source of the seismic waves.

The wave field generated at the source station radiates away from that point as a three-dimensional wave. It goes down and reflects back. The reflected wave field from each rock interface that is encountered in the propagation of this down-going wave field is then recorded at the Earth’s surface by sensors, which we call geophones. They’re distributed in specific geometries on the surface, above the area of interest. We use those sensor responses to image the interior of the Earth, in places where we’re interested in getting a very detailed understanding of the geology.

When a reflected wave field comes back to the Earth’s surface, where a geophone is located, the case of the geophone moves as the Earth moves. But inside that case is this suspended coil of copper wire. There’s a magnet attached to the case of the geophone, and when the Earth moves the case and its magnet attached to the case, that magnet moves across these copper wires and out goes a voltage.

It’s a very simple little device, but geophones have now gotten to be extremely sensitive. To give you an idea of the sensitivity, we have to stop seismic recording if winds get up to, say, 20 miles an hour or higher. The reason is the wind shakes the grass and affects the signal. It just builds up background noise in the geophones that is undesirable.

A small insect, even an ant, can crawl across the top of a geophone, and it’ll generate noise in that geophone. So they’re really extremely sensitive devices.


Seismic sensor being deployed.

Are there other seismic technologies being deployed?

Yes. I haven’t talked yet about offshore seismic work, and there are really more seismic data acquired offshore than on shore. There’s a different kind of technology being used offshore. Because of very justifiable environmental concerns for marine animals – primarily whales, dolphins and such – air guns are the only seismic source used offshore.

These are devices that are towed behind ships. The air gun arrays, when they release compressed energy, generate a powerful pressure wave. The pressure wave travels through the water column, then enters the seafloor strata, propagates on downward to illuminate the geology. The reflected wave fields then come back up and travel through the water column to hydrophone cables that are towed by the same vessel, or by a separate companion vessel.

These towed hydrophone cables now are also getting to be extremely large. They may be as long as, say, even 15 kilometers (9 miles). And there could be, in some of the modern ships, perhaps 20 or so of those cables, side by side, spread out laterally over a distance of about one kilometer. So the array of sensors that are in the water is somewhat mind boggling.

Again, these hydrophones that record this reflected wave field digitize the upcoming seismic reflection events at very small time increments – one or two millisecond intervals – for long time periods of several seconds. So you get very deep data. It’s somewhat of a marvel of digital recording technology in terms of the mass of data that are handled.


Complete seismic recording station deployed across a geothermal prospect. A single Superphone receives the reflection signal, which is digitized and saved by the module labeled GSR 4.

How has this technology changed?

Over time, it turns out, the oil and gas industry has been one of the largest drivers of developing digital recording technology.

When I started in the business, back in the late 1960’s, the oil and gas industry was transitioning from analog data recording to digital data recording. The first digital systems were very limited in data channel capacity. When I use the term data channels, I mean how many seismic sensors are being recorded. If you are recording, say, 50 data channels, you are getting responses from 50 geophones. In some of the early systems, we were just thrilled that we could record 48 data channels or 96 data channels.

The receiver antenna that we could create on Earth’s surface was quite limited in its size and how you could configure it. All the way through the 1970s, there was a drive to create better, bigger, faster data recording systems. That’s still happening today, by the way.

In the 1970s, also, there were several seismic contractors, but one company dominated the business. They were much like the Microsoft of their time in that profession. They were called GSI – Geophysical Services, Inc. – and they were one of the earliest developers of digital seismic recording technology. We are, again, at the timeframe when solid state electronics were coming on the scene. GSI decided that it needed to build or create its own internal company to build the solid state devices needed for seismic recorders. They created the new company and named it Texas Instruments. Now Texas Instruments, as you know, is big in the digital industry. It’s dominant. Meanwhile, GSI, the seismic contractor is gone from the scene, which no one ever thought would happen.

So I’m trying to paint a picture about the oil and gas industry. It’s been the driver for huge amounts of development in the digital industry that everyone lives with today – the cell phones everyone uses, and everything else.

Drawing of a marine seismic operation. Each red square towed by the vessel is an array of air guns.

What’s the most important thing people need to know about seismic technologies used in oil and gas exploration?

Well, one key thing about seismic technology for oil and gas is that other industries stand to benefit equally from these advances in reflection seismology. One benefactor would be geothermal, which is a renewable type of energy that we’re all very interested in now.

Another strong and invaluable application of reflection seismology, which gets us into some environmental concerns, is this awareness that’s emerging around the globe about the seriousness of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. There’s a movement to capture manmade CO2, and sequester it where it will not pollute the environment. That sequestration of CO2 is highly dependent upon seismic reflection technology. The reason is this: the oil and gas industry wants seismic technology so they can understand geology and extract oil and gas. But those who want to sequester CO2 need exactly that same information. It doesn’t matter which way you’re moving the fluids, taking it out of the rock system or putting it into the rock system, you need the same technology to help you decide what you must do to be safe and efficient in managing the fluid movement.

In our research group, we are applying seismic technology to oil and gas issues that help companies be more efficient in extracting oil and gas from reservoirs. But we also do a lot of work applying the same technology to geothermal applications and to CO2 sequestration applications.

So the uses of seismic reflection technologies are quite broad. The technology will continue to be dominated by oil and gas community for the foreseeable future. But who would have thought only 10 years ago that the seismic reflection technology would play such an important role in CO2 sequestration, you know? We’ll see what the future brings!




Seismic Survey | A vital part of oil and gas exploration

Seismic surveying is a vital part of exploring for oil and gas. That makes it critical to producing the energy we need to power our homes and businesses.


Overview

Oil and gas explorers use seismic surveys to produce detailed images of the various rock types and their location beneath the Earth's surface and they use this information to determine the location and size of oil and gas reservoirs.


Sound waves are bounced off underground rock formations and the waves that reflect back to the surface are captured by recording sensors. Analyzing the time the waves take to return provides valuable information about rock types and possible gases or fluids in rock formations. This is similar to the use of ultrasound in medicine.