Sufism (or
taṣswwuf;
Arabic: الصوفية‎
😉 is a branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner,
mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam.[SUP]
[1][/SUP] Its essence has also been expressed via other religions and metareligious phenomena.[SUP]
[2][/SUP][SUP]
[3][/SUP][SUP]
[4][/SUP] A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a
ṣūfī (صُوفِيّ
😉. They belong to different
ṭuruq or "orders" – congregations formed around a master – which meet for spiritual sessions (majalis), in meeting places known as zawiyahs,
khanqahs, or tekke.[SUP]
[5][/SUP] All Sufi orders (
turuq) trace many of their original precepts from the
Islamic prophet Muhammad through his cousin and son-in-law
Ali ibn Abi Talib, with the notable exception of the Sunni
Naqshbandi order who claim to trace their origins through the first sunni
Caliph,
Abu Bakr.[SUP]
[6][/SUP] However,
Alevi and
Bektashi[SUP]
[7][/SUP] Muslims (and some
Shia Muslims) claim that every Sufi order traces its spiritual lineage (
silsilah) back to one of
the Twelve Imams, the spiritual heads of Islam who were foretold in the
Hadith of the Twelve Successors and were all descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and Ali. Because of this
Ali ibn Abi Talib is also called the
father of Sufism.[SUP]
[8][/SUP][SUP]
[9][/SUP] Prominent orders include
Alevi,
Bektashi,
Mevlevi,
Ba 'Alawiyya,
Chishti,
Rifa'i,
Khalwati,
Naqshbandi,
Nimatullahi,
Oveyssi, Qadiria Boutshishia,
Qadiriyyah,
Qalandariyya,
Sarwari Qadiri,
Shadhiliyya and
Suhrawardiyya.[SUP]
[10][/SUP]
The origin of Sufism is also discussed in the book
Mystical Dimensions of Islam, by
Annemarie Schimmel.
Sufis believe they are practicing
ihsan (perfection of worship) as revealed by
Gabriel to
Muhammad: "Worship and serve
Allah as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you". Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. Sufism is opposed by
Wahhabi and
Salafist Muslims.
Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God".[SUP]
[11][/SUP] Alternatively, in the words of the
Darqawi Sufi teacher
Ahmad ibn Ajiba, "a science through which one can know how to travel into the
presence of the Divine, purify one's inner self from filth, and beautify it with a variety of praiseworthy traits".[SUP]
[12][/SUP]
Muslims and mainstream scholars of Islam define Sufism as simply the name for the inner or esoteric dimension of Islam[SUP]
[2][/SUP] which is supported and complemented by outward or exoteric practices of Islam, such as
Islamic law.[SUP]
[13][/SUP] In this view, "it is absolutely necessary to be a Muslim" to be a true Sufi, because Sufism's "methods are inoperative without" Muslim "affiliation".[SUP]
[14][/SUP] In contrast, author
Idries Shah states Sufi philosophy is universal in nature, its roots predating the rise of Islam and Christianity.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] Some
schools of Sufism in Western countries allow non-Muslims to receive "instructions on following the Sufi path".[SUP]
[16][/SUP] Some Muslim opponents of Sufism also consider it outside the sphere of Islam.[SUP]
[2][/SUP][SUP]
[17][/SUP]
Classical Sufis were characterised by their attachment to
dhikr, (a practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers)[SUP]
[18][/SUP] and
asceticism. Sufism gained adherents among a number of Muslims as a reaction against the worldliness of the early
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE[SUP]
[19][/SUP]). Sufis have spanned several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic, before spreading into
Persian,
Turkish,
Indian languages and a dozen other languages. N. B Nimeipata Wikipedia na ni ndefu sana. Hivyo nenda huko na mimi masuala ya imani zisizonihusu siwezi kutafsiri!!!![SUP]
[20]
[/SUP]