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Corporal punishment is a practice that remains widespread in many schools around the world. And it is unacceptable. We pay a lot of attention to pedagogical interventions, technological innovations, providing devices and many other programs and policies to improve learning. But
any educational investment will be irrelevant if a child is not safe at school (and at home).
April 30th is the International Day to End Corporal Punishment of Children.
Tragically, almost one in three countries (64 out of 199) do not fully prohibit corporal punishment in school. Many of the countries that allow corporal punishment are in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, and the list also includes some rich countries.
Corporal punishment, as well as a lack of safety in school and violence, including bullying and/or gender-based violence, profoundly affect studentsā ability to learn as well as teachersā ability to teach.
Evidence suggests that students exposed to corporal punishment are more likely to adopt negative behaviors and to regress academically in terms of learning compared to peers who were not exposed to those practices.
In Francophone Africa, according to PASEC data, around one-third of teachers (both male and female) in grade 6 reported using corporal punishment in the classroom. On the student-side, almost two-thirds of children/youth reported being beaten by teachers.
In addition, a third of students declared being afraid at school, which had a large and statistically significant negative effect on their performance on learning assessments. A study for the Middle East and Northern Africa suggests that unsafe schools with
deteriorated classroom disciplinary practices significantly reduces studentsā performance.
Moreover, corporal punishment is also a factor which is associated with student-drop out, bullying, and other antisocial behaviors. Corporal punishment can also negatively impact outcomes such as,
social and emotional well-being and leave permanent scars that affect productivity later in life.
While teachers are a key contributor to a studentsā sense of safety, they are often not provided with the training and resources needed for the extremely complex task of managing and teaching students with varied emotional, social, and pedagogical needs. Faced with such situations, some teachers resort -unjustifiably- to corporal punishment.
It is not surprising that among different types of school violence prevention interventions, those focusing on providing teachers with skills to improve their relationships with students and manage studentsā behaviors had the strongest and most reliable results in terms of lessening disruptive and aggressive behaviors in the classroom, improving learning outcomes, and enhancing pro-social behaviors later in life.
Providing teachers with tailored, practical, permanent opportunities for
professional development that focus on improving their skills in classroom management, positive reinforcement, and teacher-student interaction is key to improving teacher-student interactions and the classroom environment.
Through practice and modeling, teachers and students can learn new skills for social interaction, emotional well-being, and learning, so that extreme measures such as corporal punishment or any other form of violent behavior are avoided.
Social and emotional trainings have also been shown to be effective in improving studentsā pro-social behaviors and learning outcomes. A
meta-analysis of the most effective classroom management interventions to improve studentsā academic and social-emotional skills and overall behavior highlights the benefits of such learning programs.
Moreover, research shows that
experiential learning and
collaborative learning techniques also improve studentsā achievement, relationships, and self-views. The
WHO handbook on school violence prevention provides useful resources on positive discipline for teachers and schools.
It is important to remember that the lives of teachers and students are interconnected. They are part of a school ecosystem that is bound by limited resources, capacity, and institutional arrangements. Contextualization of interventions and critical analysis of the different variables influencing teacher and student behavior is necessary.
One program that has been successful in reducing violence in primary schools including corporal punishment is the
Good School Toolkit in Uganda. The program works provides behavioral change techniques. It focuses on goal setting, positive discipline, empathy, and reflection along with practicing new behavioral skills among teachers and school staff.
An evaluation suggests that after 18 months of implementation, the toolkit reduced the risk of physical violence by teachers and school staff against students by 42 percent; halved the number of teachers who reported using physical violence against students; and improved studentsā feelings of connectedness, their well-being and sense of safety and belonging with their school.
Programs such as this are often considered to be using a āwhole schoolā approach to preventing and reducing violence in school, highlighting the fact that multiple stakeholders have a role to play in violence prevention. The school climate can be transformed when teachers, students, and the school community work together to strengthen respect and trust and when they acknowledge that corporal punishment is not only counterproductive but negatively impacts a childās learning and well-being.