Domboshowa Rocks and Painted Cave Site is one of the most substantive rock art sites in Zimbabwe. It lie 35km north-east of Harare and was proclaimed a national monument in 1936, covering only 1 acre. The proclaimed area now encloses rock paintings, late Stone-Age deposits, a geological tunnel (which has acquired cultural significance through time), sacred forests, spectacular granite geological formations and a buffer zone for management purposes.
A huge granite outcrop is eroded and forms an erosional and wind cave, more or less large overhanging cliffs or shelters also called abri. The name Domboshawa derives from the Chishona words dombo (large stone or rock) and shawa (red). As there are many red rocks in the are, at least half a dozen sites in Mashonaland share this name.
There are several rock formations at the top of the hill which have been formed by natural erosion and the hill and rocks are covered with red, yellow and grey lichens. Rambakurimwa forest meaning “cannot be tilled” is at the base of hill and to the left of entrance is mostly of Mazhanje trees (Uapaca kirkiana) which are considered sacred, so the local community will not cut firewood here, although the fruit is popular. In times of drought, seekers of rain would make pilgrimage to Domboshava and would go to the sacred cave bearing offerings to the Rain Spirit. During periods of drought these ritual ceremonies were of importance and probably still are to local Shona communities. The offerings were laid in the cave and a fire was lit within; this resulted in black residue of soot which can be seen even today on the granite stone which surrounds the tunnel. There is a natural tunnel which comes out of the side of the hill like a chimney. Pilgrims squatted down the hillside to await an answer from the spirit. Sometimes they had to wait for a very long time before the spirit accepted the offerings and signified that rain would come.
The promise of rain was shown by signs of smoke from the top of the hill. Sometimes Rain Spirit ignored the offerings of the pilgrims due to some misdemeanours from the local community, who then had to make a further pilgrimage bearing more gifts, to appease the spirit and elicit the rain-promise. The physical explanation of the phenomenon is that at the back of the cave at Domboshava there is a crack which goes through the granite stone to the top of the hill. When the rain wind was blowing, its action would carry the smoke from the fire in the cave up the chimney crack and smoke would be seen to drift up from the bald dome of Domboshava. When the wind was unpropitious, no smoke would come from the chimney and further attempts to gain the favour of the rain spirit would seem necessary.
Rock and cave paintings can be found in Domboshava albeit some have been partially vandalized and have become very faint. The cave contains rock paintings, otherwise known as Bushmen or San paintings. It has an almost 100m long panel of paintings which are well preserved. The paintings show human figures (male and female) and hunting scenes. The brown-colored cave paintings are about 13,000 years old, the black-colored paintings perhaps 2000. Stone Age occupation of the site is evidenced by numerous quartz chips found on the ground.
Several values placed on the Domboshava rock art were used to justify its nomination to the National Monuments list of Zimbabwe. These include the scientific, living traditional, geological, educational, social values and many others. The site has more than 146 identifiable individual rock and cave paintings, executed in red and brown pigments. There are also scatters of Stone Age deposits attributed to Stone Age communities; however, no excavations have been done to place these deposits into Zimbabwean Stone Age chronology.
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