Lectures: Jifunze English katika Thread hii Bure kabisa

[Deadbody]

LECTURE #6

ADJECTIVE

(Hapa sasa tuwe makini zaidi maana ndio kuna makosa mengi sana )

Kama nilivyosema mwanzo huko Lecture #1

Adjective is a word used to express the quality,quantity ,number and to point out the person or thing

TYPES OF USES OF ADJECTIVE

• Attributive use
• Predicative use

1.Attributive use-An adjective used with a noun

Examples:

• Beautiful girl
• Nice book
• Clever student
• Fair face
• Large building
• Lovely flowers
• Tall tree
• Worrying problem

Maneno niliyopigia mstari ndio Adjectives na niliyoweka rangi nyekundu ndio nouns

2.Predicative use-Used with a verb

Examples:

• She is afraid
• They are dead
• He is alive
• He looked happy

Maneno niliyowekea rangi ya blue ni Adjectives na niliyopigia mstari ni verb

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES:

Adjectives are divided into 10 types

1. Adjective of Quality
2. Adjective of Quantity
3. Adjective of Number
4. Demonstrative Adjective
5. Distributive Adjective
6. Interrogative Adjective
7. Possessive Adjective
8. Emphasizing Adjective
9. Exclamatory Adjective
10. Proper Adjective

1.Adjective of quality-Used to talk about the quality of a person or thing

Examples:

• Tina is a wealthy person
• Dar es salaam is an industrial city
• English is a national language

2.Adjective of quantity-Used to talk about the quantity of things

Examples:

• There is a little milk in the jug
• My father earned enough money
• He showed much courage in the war

3.Adjective of number-Used to talk about the number of things or persons

Examples:

• She wrote six papers for her B.A
• Only few people are kind to the poor
• I got first class in my B.A

4.Demonstrative Adjective-Used to point out which person or thing we speak about

Examples:

• This book is very interesting
• That girl is very beautiful
• These flowers are lovely

5.Distributive Adjective-Used to refer to each and every person or thing separately

Examples:

• Each boy was awarded a diploma
• Each Indian is entitled to adult franchise
• Every citizen should love his mother land
• Neither party has got majority in the recent elections
• Neither country accepted the treaty

6.Interrogative Adjective-Used to question

Examples:

• What advice shall I give you?
• Which places do yo wish to visit?
• Which poet do you like most?
• Whose photograph is this?
• Whose hand write is this?

7.Possessive Adjective-Used to talk about ownership or possession

Examples:

• My mother is a teacher
• Your father is a doctor
• Our site is JamiiForums
• His wealthy was lost
• Her husband died in an accident
• All their daughters were married last year

8.Emphasizing Adjective-Used to emphasize a noun

Examples:

• I saw it with my own eyes
• That was the very book I was looking for.

9.Exclamatory Adjective-The word 'what' is known as exclamatory Adjective

Examples:

• What a beauty !
• What an insult !
• What a tragedy!

10.Proper Adjective-Derived from a proper noun

Examples:

• Indian president
• English grammar
• Tanzanian Parliament
• American President

A . COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Every adjective has three Degrees of Comparisons

• Positive Degree
• Comparative Degree
• Superlative Degree

POSITIVE DEGREE-An adjective used to talk about the quality of a person,place or thing .

Examples:

• She is a beautiful girl
• He is a brave man

COMPARATIVE DEGREE-An adjective used to compare two persons or thing or the qualities

Examples:Better than,fatter than,etc

• She is more beautiful than her sisters
• He is braver than his brother

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE-An adjective used to talk about comparing more than two persons or things or their qualities

Examples:

• She is the most beautiful of all her sisters
• He is the bravest of all brothers

Hapa hatuweki than na pia tunatumia 'The' badala ya 'a' ukilinganisha na comparative

B . FORMATION OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
1.Most adjectives form their comparative degree by adding 'er' and 'superlative ' by adding 'est' to the positive

2.When the positive ends with 'e' ,only 'r' and 'st' are added to form comparative and superlative

3.When the positive ends with 'y' and has a consonant before it ,'y' is changed into 'ier' and 'est'

4.Sometimes the last letter of the positive is doubled and 'er' and 'est' are added

5.Some adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding 'more' and 'most'

C . IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Some adjectives have no fixed rules to form their Comparative and superlative forms.

NOTE:Hizi unabidi uzisome nyingi sana kupitia vitabu

SOMO HILI LINAISHIA HAPA KWA LEO

 

[Deadbody]

Kweli

Wewe uliye quote uzi wote huu kwa kuandika 'kweli' endelea na moyo huo huo

 

[Psiteshio72]

Jifunze nami kingereza kwa kiswahili kwa bei cheee, kwa mwezi. Masomo ni online na ni kwa miezi miwili 2,Tunasoma kwa video, pich, audio no kupitia WhatsApp peke,Nipigie sasa na utokwe na aibu ya kutojua kingereza fasah ingali wew ni msomi, many a bias hara ama mtendaji wa serikali,Piga 0753093869,baada ya kuhitimu tutakupatia ajira ukitaka, katika mataw yetu yotee... Mfano wa masomo yetu:

Somo la 1

(SECTION A; TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE )

(A)Simple Tenses ,:

1. Simple Past Tense ( ‘li’)
- Wakati huu huongelea jambo lililofanyika na kukamilika mara moja wakati uliopita.
Mifano ; tulikuja ,walitembea, alicheza.
- Wakati huu huashiriwa na silabi ‘li’ ambayo hufanya tutambue kuwa tunaongelea jambo lililofanyika mara moja na likamalizika kufanyika katika wakati uliopita. Hii silabi ‘li’ ni lazima iunganishwe na kitendo moja kwa moja kabla ya kitendo. Mfano ; ‘Tuliimba’, tofauti na ‘Tulikuwa tunaimba’ ambapo ‘li’ imefuatiwa na kifungu ‘kuwa’ na sio kitendo. Katika maneno ‘tulikuwa tunaimba’, kitendo ‘imba’ kimetanguliwa na ‘na’ na sio ‘li’ kwa hivyo maneno hayo hayapo katika wakati huu wa Simple Past Tense, ‘li’.

Kanuni za kutumia Simple Past Tense ‘li’

a) Sentensi za taarifa/kutoa taarifa
Katika wakati huu, huwa tunapoelezea jambo tunatanguliza mtendaji wa jambo, (I/We/You/They/He/She/It) kisha tunafuatisha kitendo moja kwa moja kikiwa katika umbo la wakati uliopita.
Mfano ; - kitenda ‘enda’ ni ‘go’. Umbo lake la wakati uliopita, yaani ‘-lienda’ ni ‘went’. Tutatanguliza mtendaji wa jambo kisha tufuatishe neno ‘went’.

Sentensi za mifano;
- Juma alienda. ………. Juma went.
- Tulienda. ……… We went.
- Basi liliondoka. ……. The bus left.
- Nilicheza. ……. I played.
- Uliimba. ….. You sang.
- Walikimbia. ….. They ran.
- Maria alipika. ……. Maria cooked.
NB : Hatuweki kitu chochote katikati mwa mtendaji na kitendo.

b) Kuuliza maswali katika Simple Past Tense

- Maswali katika wakati huu huanzia na neon ‘did’. ‘Did’ ikitumika ni lazima kitendo kiwe katika umbo la kawaida kwa sababu ‘did’ ina ‘li’ ndani yake hivyo ‘li’ nyingine haihitajiki. Ina maana hiyo ‘did’ tayari imeshawakilisha wakati uliopita.
- ‘Did’ hufuatwa na nafasi inayouliziwa swali.
Mifano ya tafsiri :
- ‘Did Juma _______ ?’ …….. ‘Je, Juma ali______?’
- ‘Did they _______ ?’ ………. ‘Je, wao wali______ ?’

Sentesi za mifano :

1. Did Juma go?
Je, Juma ali enda ?

Jibu ; ( Hapana, hakuenda)…..( Kukanusha)
No, he didn’t go.
Au ; ( Ndio, alienda)…. Kukubali
Yes, he went.

2. Did she cook?
Je, alipika?

Jibu ; ( Hapana, hakupika)…..Kukanusha
No, she didn’t cook.
Au ; Ndio, alipika….. (Kukubali)
Yes, she cooked.

** katika kitabu kuna michoro ambayo inaonyesha tafsiri ya moja kwa moja ya kila kipengele cha sentensi kutoka kiswahili hadi kingereza ila hapa hatujaionyesha.

NB ; Tukiongeza neno ‘did’ katikati mwa jibu la kukubali, huwa ni kuweka msisitizo kama vile ambavyo kwa Kiswahili huwa tunaandisha sauti ili kuweka msisistizo ila sasa kwa Kingereza sauti haipandishwi ila msisitizo upo pale pale.

Mifano ; 1. Did Juma go ? …… Je, Juma alienda?
- Yes, he did go. ….. Ndio, alienda! (KWA MSISITIZO)

2. Did they cook? …….. Je, walipika?
- Yes, they did cook. …… Ndio, walipika! (KWA MSISITIZO)

NB ; Tunapokanusha sentensi kwa kutumia ‘did not’/ ‘didn’t’ , huwa hatutumii kitendo kikiwa katika umbo la wakati uliopita maana ile ‘did’ inakuwa imeshawakilisha wakati uliopita (‘li’ ambayo kinume chake ni ‘haku’) kwa hivyo hatuhitaji wakati uliopita kwa mara ya pili. Tukitumia umbo la wakati uliopita pia kwa kuuliza swali lililoanzia na ‘did’ pia tunakuwa tumeweka ‘li’ mbili katika sentensi, jambo ambalo sio sahihi.

Mifano ; 1. She didn’t went yesterday. ( Badala ya ‘She didn’t go yesterday.’)
Haku lienda jana. ( Badala ya ‘Hakuenda jana.’)

Au; 2. Did she went yesterday?
( Badala ya ‘Did she go yesterday?’)

- Je, yeye ali lienda jana?
( Badala ya ‘Je, yeye alienda jana?)

 

[princetx]

Mkuu, Mungu akubariki kwa lesson hii iliyotukuka

 

[leh]

KATIKA KUTEKELEZA SERA YA ELIMU BURE KWA WOTE:JIFUNZE ENGLISH

INTRODUCTION

It is essentially important,before we study grammar ,to know what language is and why and how we should learn a particular language.

We,first of all ,learn language for the purpose of communication.

A.Language :

As a matter of common knowledge ,is the medium of communication through which we express our emotions,ideas,feelings and thoughts to our fellow people.

B.Alphabet:

Language is mainly composed of letters which stand for signs or sounds.The letters are totally treated as the alphabet of the language.The number of letters are different from language to language.
The alphabet of English is composed of 26 letters(twenty six letters).These 26 letters are known as the alphabet are used either for printing or writing.

Accordingly,printing letters are different from script letters.

Various forms of printing and script letters are given below:

PRINT CAPITAL LETTERS

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z

PRINT SMALL LETTERS

a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z

View attachment 670284


SCRIPT CAPITAL LETTERS

SCRIPT SMALL LETTERS

C.Division of alphabet:

The alphabet of of English is divided into two classes namely

• Vowel(Inasomeka vawo kwa kiswahili)
• Consonant

1.Vowels-The five letters "a,e,i,o,u" are known as vowels in English and we cannot write even a single sentence without using a vowel

2.Consonant-The remaining 21 letters of the alphabet are known as the consonants in English.
They are b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z.

D.Syllable(Inasomeka silabo kwa kiswahili)

A word or a part of word which consists of a vowel sound.It is a combination of consonant and vowel.(Yani hapa kwa kifupi ni sawa na kiswahili unaposema anakula yani umeunganisha silabi mbili "ana" na "Kula".Na hapa tunaona kuwa mwishoni kabisa wakati unatamka inasikika sana vowel ) mfano mwingine ni neno "Kata" ambapo ukiwa unaliongea utapumzika mara mbili tu,ya kwanza "Ka" na ya pili ni "ta"

Hizo ndio mfano wa Syllable in swahili

Turudi kwenye Engish sasa,

Example the word Examination has 4 syllables

-Exa
-Mi
-Na
-Tion

E.Word:

A word is the basic element in every language.A word is a proper combination of letters.The letters in a particular language are arranged in such a manner that they should represent either objects or ideas.

Example of words are:
-Nation
-Examination
-Book

F.Grammar:

Grammar is a systematic study of scientific method which provides us information and guidance necessary to learn a language(yani hapa kwenye grammar ndio kwenye lugha husika ,na tutajikita hapa mpaka siku ya mwisho nasema sasa tumemaliza Grammar).

The science of grammar teaches us how a language is spoken and written correctly and effectively.

(Nasisitiza kuwa matatizo yako yote katika lugha ya kingereza humalizwa hapa kwenye Grammar)

THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF GRAMMAR
​

Kama nilivyosema kuwa Grammar is a scientific study of languages kwahiyo ina husika na matatizo yote katika lugha yoyote.

Unless we have mastered grammar ,we do not or cannot speak or write English correctly.

English(language) is very much controlled,conditioned and regulated by grammar.
It is due to these reasons that we should gain a considerable mastery over this grammar.

It may be pointed out,that it is very difficulty to define the scope and the practical value of grammar.

An attempt has,however,been made to illustrate the functions of grammar:

1.THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

Grammar is primarily concerned with the study of language.It explains to us the difficulties and problems involved in learning a language and it guides us how language is effectively used in our day to-day-life.

2.THE STUDY OF WORD

Grammar tells us how words are formed and why they are classified into various categories.It also instructs us how words are combined and grouped into sentences.
It also tells us when and where a particular word should be used.

3.THE STUDY OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND PATTERNS

What we study in grammar is the sentence structure.As a matter of fact,sentence structure is very essential in every language.Grammar makes us familiar with these sentence patterns.It enables us to understand how sentences are patterned and how they are used in our practical life for proper and effective communication.

4.THE STUDY OF PARTS OF SPEECH

Grammar surveys and defines various parts of speech in detail and studies their functions elaborately .
It provides adequate information as to where,when and how these parts of speech are used in speech and writing(Naposema parts of speech namaanisha maneno yote unayotumia kwenye speech).

So,grammar might be considered to be a standard reference book for the parts of speech.

5.THE STUDY OF WRITING SKILLS

Grammar is essential and beneficial for writers,journalists and poets who are engaged in literary field.It trains us how paragraphs essays, and letters should be written in simple and dignified style.

Due to this,grammar is regarded as an introduction of literary composition.

6.THE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDENCE

Language ,broadly speaking,is one of the best and the most effective means of communication without which we cannot live a civilized life.
Unless we communicate with our fellow people properly ,we can never be successfully in society.
So,grammar is a science which equips us with the powerful communication abilities and aids.

It tells us how to impress people with our speech and conversation.A professor or a politician cannot be successful in his profession,unless he is well equipped with linguistic skills(Grammar).
So ,grammar deals with communication and correspondence.

So due to these functions,grammar is treated as a science of communication.

WE ARE DONE WITH OUR INTRODUCTION TODAY

====

UPDATES :

Muendelezo, LECTURE #1 ipo post #55 page ya 3-PARTS OF SPEECH
Muendelezo, LECTURE #2 ipo post #65 page ya 4-THE NOUN:GENDER
Muendelezo, LECTURE #3 ipo post #83 page ya 5-THE NOUN:NUMBER
Muendelezo, LECTURE #4 ipo post #89 page ya 5-SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Muendelezo, LECTURE #5 ipo post #90 page ya 5-NOUN AND CASE
Muendelezo, LECTURE #6 ipo post [HASHTAG]#101[/HASHTAG] page ya 6-ADJECTIVE

==================
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Mkuu, nimependa kwamba unataka kufunza watu kiingereza. Whenever I look at where we (Tanzanians) are as English speakers, I am grasped by a sadness so deep... I digress, ngoja nirudi topic. Nafurahi unataka kufunza watu kiingereza, na mimi naomba nikueleweshe vitu viwili vitatu pia.

It is essentially important,before we study grammar ,to know what language is and why and how we should learn a particular language.

Naelewa kwamba ulitaka kuweka emphasis on the importance of grammar, but kutumia *essential* na *important* pamoja ni redundancy. Ni sawa na kusema *important important*.

Conjunction *and* should be used sparingly or when highlighting a difference in a collection. Kwa mfano, "She came with white shoes, white T-shirts, a white hat and a pair of black trousers, a pair of black shoes and a black hat."

We,first of all ,learn language for the purpose of communication.

Nimegundua we have a habit ya kukata article(s) kwenye sentensi sana (sijui kama ni kwa sababu ya mfumo wa kiswahili, nilifunzwa kiingereza kwanza, so I have no clue why).

Ulitakiwa useme *learn a language*.

Kuna mengi sijapenda about the sentence structure, but today let's discuss the grammar part only.

A.Language :

As a matter of common knowledge ,is the medium of communication through which we express our emotions,ideas,feelings and thoughts to our fellow people.

Hii sentensi sijaelewa kabisa mkuu.

There are many names and ways to say binadamu in English (humans, beings, human beings, man, peer [assuming you're not a different creature or alien], people et cetera), but they are not always interchangeable.

In your sentence, since you used the word *our* and *fellow*, huwezi sema *people*. The only time unatumia *people* is when referring to men in a 3rd or 2nd person context. Kuna exceptions to this case kama the US's *we the people* slogan (but this is a slogan and slogans can be gramatically wrong as long as they are contextually right).

Unaweza sema *those people*, *you people* (second and third person perspective) ONLY. The right word pale ingekuwa *peers* (mostly because umetumia fellow) or *beings* or *men* et cetera.

Language is mainly composed of letters which stand for signs or sounds.The letters are totally treated as the alphabet of the language.The number of letters are different from language to language.

A language. Remember your *articles*

Sijafurahishwa na neno *mainly*. Kwanza, there are three words unaweza tumia hapa *mainly*, *mostly* and *predominantly*. Mainly and mostly are interchangeable for the most part, but there is a small difference that most people do not know about

*Mostly* is used more for things which are quantifiable.
"The crowd was mostly young people."

*Mainly* is used for more abstract concepts.
"His speech dealt mainly with economics."
"His duties consist mainly of supervising the different departments."

Since the letters are a quantifiable object, *mostly* would be the right word her, BUT since you want to show the importance of the letters, *predominant* would be a better suit.

Ni mengi ningependa kutaja, but it's an arduous process editing, quoting and finding references. All in all, I am glad of the initiative unachukua. Hongera na asante.

 

[Bin Chuma75]

Hello

 

[jakomala]

Hapa lazima nitoke na kitu

 

[Beka Mpole]

Jinoe sana mkuu ,tuna safari ndefu kuanzia leo.Hii program/pragramme sitaishia njiani

Ungeianzishia whatsapp group, then tukakutana huko ingekuwa poa zaidi

 

[Deadbody]

Jifunze nami kingereza kwa kiswahili kwa bei cheee, kwa mwezi. Masomo ni online na ni kwa miezi miwili 2,Tunasoma kwa video, pich, audio no kupitia WhatsApp peke,Nipigie sasa na utokwe na aibu ya kutojua kingereza fasah ingali wew ni msomi, many a bias hara ama mtendaji wa serikali,Piga 0753093869,baada ya kuhitimu tutakupatia ajira ukitaka, katika mataw yetu yotee... Mfano wa masomo yetu:

Somo la 1

(SECTION A; TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE )

(A)Simple Tenses ,:

1. Simple Past Tense ( ‘li’)
- Wakati huu huongelea jambo lililofanyika na kukamilika mara moja wakati uliopita.
Mifano ; tulikuja ,walitembea, alicheza.
- Wakati huu huashiriwa na silabi ‘li’ ambayo hufanya tutambue kuwa tunaongelea jambo lililofanyika mara moja na likamalizika kufanyika katika wakati uliopita. Hii silabi ‘li’ ni lazima iunganishwe na kitendo moja kwa moja kabla ya kitendo. Mfano ; ‘Tuliimba’, tofauti na ‘Tulikuwa tunaimba’ ambapo ‘li’ imefuatiwa na kifungu ‘kuwa’ na sio kitendo. Katika maneno ‘tulikuwa tunaimba’, kitendo ‘imba’ kimetanguliwa na ‘na’ na sio ‘li’ kwa hivyo maneno hayo hayapo katika wakati huu wa Simple Past Tense, ‘li’.

Kanuni za kutumia Simple Past Tense ‘li’

a) Sentensi za taarifa/kutoa taarifa
Katika wakati huu, huwa tunapoelezea jambo tunatanguliza mtendaji wa jambo, (I/We/You/They/He/She/It) kisha tunafuatisha kitendo moja kwa moja kikiwa katika umbo la wakati uliopita.
Mfano ; - kitenda ‘enda’ ni ‘go’. Umbo lake la wakati uliopita, yaani ‘-lienda’ ni ‘went’. Tutatanguliza mtendaji wa jambo kisha tufuatishe neno ‘went’.

Sentensi za mifano;
- Juma alienda. ………. Juma went.
- Tulienda. ……… We went.
- Basi liliondoka. ……. The bus left.
- Nilicheza. ……. I played.
- Uliimba. ….. You sang.
- Walikimbia. ….. They ran.
- Maria alipika. ……. Maria cooked.
NB : Hatuweki kitu chochote katikati mwa mtendaji na kitendo.

b) Kuuliza maswali katika Simple Past Tense

- Maswali katika wakati huu huanzia na neon ‘did’. ‘Did’ ikitumika ni lazima kitendo kiwe katika umbo la kawaida kwa sababu ‘did’ ina ‘li’ ndani yake hivyo ‘li’ nyingine haihitajiki. Ina maana hiyo ‘did’ tayari imeshawakilisha wakati uliopita.
- ‘Did’ hufuatwa na nafasi inayouliziwa swali.
Mifano ya tafsiri :
- ‘Did Juma _______ ?’ …….. ‘Je, Juma ali______?’
- ‘Did they _______ ?’ ………. ‘Je, wao wali______ ?’

Sentesi za mifano :

1. Did Juma go?
Je, Juma ali enda ?

Jibu ; ( Hapana, hakuenda)…..( Kukanusha)
No, he didn’t go.
Au ; ( Ndio, alienda)…. Kukubali
Yes, he went.

2. Did she cook?
Je, alipika?

Jibu ; ( Hapana, hakupika)…..Kukanusha
No, she didn’t cook.
Au ; Ndio, alipika….. (Kukubali)
Yes, she cooked.

** katika kitabu kuna michoro ambayo inaonyesha tafsiri ya moja kwa moja ya kila kipengele cha sentensi kutoka kiswahili hadi kingereza ila hapa hatujaionyesha.

NB ; Tukiongeza neno ‘did’ katikati mwa jibu la kukubali, huwa ni kuweka msisitizo kama vile ambavyo kwa Kiswahili huwa tunaandisha sauti ili kuweka msisistizo ila sasa kwa Kingereza sauti haipandishwi ila msisitizo upo pale pale.

Mifano ; 1. Did Juma go ? …… Je, Juma alienda?
- Yes, he did go. ….. Ndio, alienda! (KWA MSISITIZO)

2. Did they cook? …….. Je, walipika?
- Yes, they did cook. …… Ndio, walipika! (KWA MSISITIZO)

NB ; Tunapokanusha sentensi kwa kutumia ‘did not’/ ‘didn’t’ , huwa hatutumii kitendo kikiwa katika umbo la wakati uliopita maana ile ‘did’ inakuwa imeshawakilisha wakati uliopita (‘li’ ambayo kinume chake ni ‘haku’) kwa hivyo hatuhitaji wakati uliopita kwa mara ya pili. Tukitumia umbo la wakati uliopita pia kwa kuuliza swali lililoanzia na ‘did’ pia tunakuwa tumeweka ‘li’ mbili katika sentensi, jambo ambalo sio sahihi.

Mifano ; 1. She didn’t went yesterday. ( Badala ya ‘She didn’t go yesterday.’)
Haku lienda jana. ( Badala ya ‘Hakuenda jana.’)

Au; 2. Did she went yesterday?
( Badala ya ‘Did she go yesterday?’)

- Je, yeye ali lienda jana?
( Badala ya ‘Je, yeye alienda jana?)

SASA MKUU UMEINGILIA KATI NKAONA ISIWE CASE NIKUACHIE UENDELEE.BAADA YA KUKUACHIA NA WEWE UMEACHA .SIJUI LENGO LAKO LILIKUWA NI KUVURUGA TU?

 

[Psiteshio72]

Watz matatizo tu

 

[le madame]

Umenisaifia sana ahsante mkuu

 

[Deadbody]

Mkuu, Mungu akubariki kwa lesson hii iliyotukuka

Ndio naiendeleza sasa lecture ya 7

 

[Deadbody]

LECTURE #7

ARTICLES (a,an ,the)

Articles:' A ', ' an ' and ' the '.They are ,in fact,demonstrative adjectives

Kinds of articles:There are two types of articles

• Definite Articles
• Indefinite Articles

1.DEFINITE ARTICLES:-An Article which is used to refer to a particular person or thing

Example:the

2.INDEFINITE ARTICLE:-An Article which does not refer to any particular person or thing

Example:a,an

A.THE SELECTION OF ' A ' OR ' AN '

The selection between ' a ' and ' an ' is determined by sound

Hints:

1.A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound.

Example: a boy,a man , a human being , a table, a horse , a yard , a young man.

2.A is used before a word beginning with 'h' and also 'y' and 'u'.

Example:a horse,a historical novel ,a human being,a youth,a year,a yard,a yell,a yellow paper,a young man,a university,a useful thing,a unit,a European,a uniform,a union.

3.A is used before word beginning with a ' w ' sound

Example: a one legged sailor,a one man tribunal , a one dollar note,a one way ticket

4.An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound .

Example:an hour,an honor, an heir,an heir loom,an honorable man,an honest citizen .

B.THE USE OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE

1.The Indefinite Article A or An is used is used in the sense of 'one of '.

Example:

• I met a friend(means one of a certain friend )
• I read a novel(means one of certain novel)

3.It is used to represent a whole class or in the sense of all or any

Examples:

• A student should be obedient (means all or any)
• A doctor must love his patients(means all or any doctor)

3.It is used to convert a common noun to proper noun

Examples:

• He is a Charles
• She is a Mother Teresa

4.In certain expressions.

Examples:

• a couple
• a dozen
• a quarter
• a thousand
• a million
• a lot of
• a score
• half a dozen
• a good deal of
• a great many
• a great number of

5.It is used in the sense of one

Examples:

• a book
• a pen
• a man
• a girl
• a country

6.With words 'little' and 'few'

Examples:

• a little milk
• a few people

7.In the sense of 'every'

Examples:

• 2000 a month
• ten rupees a dozen
• five times a year

8.It is used in exclamatory sentences

Examples:

• What a pretty girl!
• What a clever boy!
• What a shame!
• What a hot day!

C.' A ' OR ' AN ' IS NOT USED
1.A or AN is not used with plural noun.

Example:dogs,books,girls,(not a dogs,a girls,a books)

2.With uncountable noun

Examples:

• advice
• furniture
• knowledge
• work
• business
• news
• information
• scenery
• machinery
• imagery
• baggage
• luggage

But some of these words may be used with:some ,any,a little,a piece of,a bit of,,,an item of

Examples:

• Some advice ,any news,a piece of information

3.The words 'hair' and 'experience 'may be used with or without articles
Examples :

• I used a hair to tie the papers(NOT hair)
• I have experience in teaching (NOT an experience)

BUT-I had an excellent experience yesterday (NOT excellent experience )


4.With material nouns

Examples:

• glass
• wine
• wheat
• fear
• sugar
• water
• milk
• tea
• iron
• wood
• coffee
• rice
• stone
• bread
• wood
• cloth

BUT these words may be used with a different meaning

Example:

• I want a paper(means newspaper )
• I used an iron (means clothes iron)

5.With abstract noun

Examples:

• happiness
• pleasure
• courage

6.With the names of meals

Examples:

• Dinner
• Supper
• Lunch
• Breakfast

But these words may be used with indefinite Articles ,when they are particularized

Example:

• A dinner given by the president of Tanzania to me

D.THE USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLE
1.Unique things:
The definite Article 'the' is used with unique things in nature
Examples:
the sun,the sea,the sky,the moon,the earth.

• The sun rises in the east
• The earth moves round the sun

2.Particular persons or things
'The' is used to talk about particular persons or things
Examples:

• 'The' is used to talk about particular persons or things

Example:
The man you met yesterday is my uncle
The lady you saw at the theatre is my wife

3.Persons or things understood from the context
'The' is used with the persons or things understood from the the context
Examples:
I sat in the garden .(in my house)
I spoke to the doctor .(my family doctor)
Give me the book.(on the table)
He returned the bike.(I gave him)
I talked to the manager.(in my office)
I left the luggage (I had with me ) at the railway station

5.Singular nouns representing the whole class
Example:
The rose is a lovely flower(all or any rose or roses)
The scientist should love mankind (every or all scientists)
The teacher should know the psychology of the students(all or any or every teacher)

6.Names of rivers/gulfs/seas/groups of islands/mountain range and oceans
Examples:
The Ganges
The Persian Gulf
The Pacific Ocean
The Mississippi

7.Well-known books
Examples:
The bible
The Vedas
The Koran
BUT-the is not used if author's name is mentioned

8.Proper noun used as common noun
'The' is used before a proper noun used as a common noun
Examples:
Dar es salaam is the Manchester of England .
Gandhi is the Jesus of India.

9.Superlative adjectives
Examples:
The tallest
The largest
The biggest
The longest
The biggest

10.Adjective used as nouns

Examples:
The rich(people) and the poor(people) are different sections an any society .
The old(persons) disagree with the young(persons).

11.Double comparatives

'The ' is used with double comparatives
Examples:
The more I read,the more I like.
The more I earn,the more I spend.
The more I eat ,the less I like.

12.Directions
'The' is used with directions.
Examples:
The north
The south
The east
The west

13.Historical buildings

Example:The Red Fort

14.Newspapers and magazines

Example:
The Citizen
The sun

15.Names of countries

Examples:
The United Kingdom
The United States of America

16.Famous historical events

Examples:
The republic day
The Renaissance
The Industrial Revolution
The independence day

17.Nationalities ,sects and communities
'The' is used with the names of nationalities ,sects and communities
Examples:
The French
The Indians
The Muslims
The Hindus
The Tanzanians

18.Trains,ships and aeroplanes

Examples:
The Kigoma Express

19.Oridinals

Examples:
The first
The last
The third
The next

20.Musical instruments

Examples:
The violin
The veena
The flute
The sitar

21.To force superlative to a word

Examples:
He is the maker of Modern Tanzania.
She is the bread winner in the family
This is the place I met her

E.OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE
1.Proper nouns(majina)
No article is used with proper nouns
Example:
Japan,Bill Clinton,Mother Teresa,Tanzania

2.Abstract nouns
No article is placed before abstract noun
Example:
Beauty,pleasure,grammar,courage,honesty,poetry,bravery,wisdom,childhood

BUT an article may be used ,if these qualities are attributed to people

Example:
The knowledge of history
The honestly of political leaders

3.Common noun
No article is used with common nouns
Examples:
Book,Photo,Pen,Album,Flower,House

4.Man and woman
No article is used with the two words 'man' and 'woman'
Example:
Man is a social animal
Woman is cleverer than man

5.Languages
No article is used with languages
Examples:
I speak English at home

6.Names of buildings
No article should be used with the names of the buildings if they meant for primary purpose
Example:
School,Hospital,University,College,Chapel,Nursing home,Church,Market,Office

BUT an article is used,if they are considered as places.
Examples:
The college is very beautifully constructed
I went to the hospital to see my friend

7.Relation
No article is used with the names of relations
Examples:
Mother gave birth to me.
Children make every home a happy family.

8.Unique posts
No article is used before unique posts
Examples:
He was elected president of the association .
He became principal of the college.
She was elected chairwoman o the company.

9.Name of meals
No article is used before the names of meals
Examples:
He invited me to dinner .
I usually have my lunch at twelve.

10.Name of games
No article is used
Exmaples:
My brother plays chess in leisure.
Cricket is a popular game in the world.

11.Names of diseases
No article is used before the name of disease
Examples:
He is suffering from fever.
AIDS is an incurable disease.

12.Names of colors
No article is used
Examples:
White stands for purity.
Green is associated with prosperity.

13.Names of senses,seasons,days,months
Examples:
Monday comes after Sunday.
We go to Charles in Summer.
March is the third month of the year.

14.Nature and society
No article is used here
Examples:
Society is a combination of all sections of people.
Nature is the best physician.

 

[bingwa majita]

Ni taasisi ipi inayotoa hizo kozi ili tujifunze kiingereza

 

[Deadbody]

Ni taasisi ipi inayotoa hizo kozi ili tujifunze kiingereza

Zipo nying online ,andika to huko online kuwa unataka kujifunza watakuleta.

 

[bingwa majita]

Ningependa kupata ushauri kabla ili nilifaham wanapotoa elimu bora

 

[Deadbody]

Ningependa kupata ushauri kabla ili nilifaham wanapotoa elimu bora

Watakuja kukushauri

 

[bingwa majita]

Ningependa kupata ushauri kabla ili nilifaham wanapotoa elimu bora

 

[Jaimee]

Sasa hapa kuna watu wanadhani wakishajifunza hivyo basi wataweza kuongea kingereza vizuri.Hapa wajiulize ni kwanini MTU aliyesoma hadi kiwango cha phd halafu anaongea kingereza cha hovyo hovyo?Tatizo kubwa hapa ni kujifunza lugha kwa macho badala ya masikio.Jiulize je mtoto mdogo anajifunza lugha kwakuandika kuwa hii ni verb,au hii ni pronoun? Hapana,hivyo basi lazima uanze kusoma kwa masikio ili uweze kuongea vizuri.

 

[Jaimee]

Asante sana nimechoka kuwatukana CCM bora niwe najikumbusha mambo huku

Lakini hii njia itakusaidia tu kujibu mitihani yako na si kuongea kingereza kizuri,maana ni lazima uanze kusoma kwa masikio,ukishajuwa ndipo uanze kuichambua lugha,yaani kusoma kwa macho.Bila kufanya hivyo utakuwa kama wale wenye PhD ambao hawawezi kuongea kingereza na wazungu.