Mshinga
JF-Expert Member
- Feb 5, 2013
- 3,532
- 1,126
leo nimeamua kuleta somo la UKIMWI na maajabu ya maambukizi.
naombeni tusome kwa makini na kuchangia michango yenye tija kwenye topiki hii iwe maswali na maelezo ili watu waelimike,nitakuwepo kwa muda kujibu maswali yoyote ya UKIMWI na baadhi ya hoja.
pia nitumie muda huu kuwatia moyo wale wote walioathirika na maambukizi.
pia nitumie muda huu kuwaasa member wenzangu humu kwenda kupima(nitaeleza baadae umuhimu wake)
BACK TO TOPIC
si ajabu wengi mmepata kusikia kuwa katika familia fulani mke ana HIV/UKIMWI lakini mume wake amepima mara kadhaa na hana UKIMWI ama mume ana UKIMWI lakini mke wake amepima mara kadhaa na hana UKIMWI.
ama wapenzi wawili walioshiriki mapenzi bila kinga mara nyingi zaidi na kwa kipindi kirefu tena wakiwa pamoja kwa muda mwingi, mmoja kati yao akaonekana ana HIV na mwingine hana na hata baada ya muda mrefu inabakia hivyo.
SABABU ZA WAPENZI KUSHIRIKI MAPENZI BILA KINGA NA MMOJA AKABAKIA SALAMA
ziko sababu mbili kubwa japo nitajadili moja tu na ndio lengolangu.
1.kuna watu ambao ulinzi wao wa mwili(immune system) unazuia maambukizi ya ukimwi karibia kwa asilimia 100% lakini hawa watu ni wachache sana duniani japo wapo maeneo mbalimbali.
2.matumizi ya ARV kwa aliyeathirika na maambukizi yanasaidia kuzuia maambukizi kwa zaidi ya asilimia 96%.
kwa malezo hayo mafupi wala usije shituka sana ama kutoamini ukisikia mmoja ana UKIMWI lakini mpenzi wake hana.
MAELEZO KWA UNDANI NA MATUMIZI YA ARV.
1.ARV ni vidonge ambavyo mtu anaeugua ukimwi hupewa ili kufubaza virusi visiendelee kuzaliana na kusambaa maeneo mbalimbali
2.vidonge vya ARV hupewa mtu ambaye CD4 zake zikipungua kufikia 350
3.kama bado mgonjwa ana CD4 zaidi ya 350 basi hupewa vidonge vingine ambavyo huzuia maambukizi nyemelezi na anabakia kuwa mwenye afya njema kama wengine.
4.mgonjwa wa UKIMWI anatakiwa kunywa vidonge vya ARV kila siku katika maisha yake yaliyobakia.
5.ARV zinasababisha kuaathirika kwa INI na KONGOSHO na hili limekuwa chanzo kwa vifo vya wanaotumia ARV kama asilimia 20%
TAFITI KATIKA MATUMIZI YA ARV KATIKA KUZUIA MAAMBUKIZI KWA WASIO NA UKIMWI.
tafiti nyingi zimefanyika na mpaka sasa na zinaendelea na imebainika na kuthibitika bila shaka kuwa mtu anaetumia ARV ana kama asilimi 1% mpaka 4% ya kumwambukiza mtu mwingine.matumizi ya ARV hupunguza kabisa idadi ya virusi maana vinakuwa vimefubazwa na kubakia kwenye eneo moja la mazalia(reservour) na hivyo havitoki na kuja maeneo mengine ili viambukize wengine, kwa maelezo haya inatokea mara nyingi kuona kuwa mke hana ukimwi na mume anao japo wanashiriki mapenzi kila siku.
hii ni ajabu kidogo kama si sana
ikumbukwe kwamba kwa sasa wengi wanatumia kondomu kujikinga na maambukizi ya UKIMWI na wengi wamesalimika lakini je wanajua uwezo wa kondomu kuzuia UKIMWI? najua si wengi lakini uwezo wa kondomu kuzui maambukizi ya UKIMWI ni asilimia 70%
mlinganisho wa CONDOM na ARV
ARV inazuia maambukizi ya UKIMWI kwa zaidi ya 90% NA CONDOMU kwa asilimia 70%
kwa mlinganisho huu nadhani kila mmoja atakua amepata picha.
ONYO.
maelezo haya yasihalishe watu kuwa na imani zaidi kuwa hawawezi kuambukizwa na watumia ARV kwa sababu zifuatazo
1.si watu wote wanatumia ARV kama inavyotakiwa maana wengine huacha kutumia na kuanza tena kutumia bada ya muda
2.na pia hata asilimia 4% inaweza kuambukiza japo si rahisi kutokea
NIISHIE HAPA KWA KUSEMA KUWA MTU ANAETUMIA ARV HANA UWEZO WA KUAMBUKIZA UKIMWI.
mwisho kabisa nitoe angalizo kuwa.
1.watu waache kuwekana chambo kwenda kupima ukimwi. maana wengi huwa wanasema mimi mke wangu kapima na UKIMWI hana kwa hiyo na mimi sina, ama mimi MUME wangu kapima na hana HIV kwa hiyo na mimi sina,ama demu wangu kapima na UKIMWI hana kwa hiyo na mimi sina.
inawezekana unao
2.Mke wangu kapima UKIMWI na ana HIV kwa hiyo na mimi ninao,ama MUME wako kapima ukimwi na anao na wewe unamtumia kama kipimo kumbe wewe huna.
nenda kapime kwa uhakika.
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NIMELAZIMIKA KUWEKA WAZI UTAFITI HUU BAADA YA WATU WEGI KUJADILI KWA KUTILIA SHAKA ZAIDI NA KUTAKA NIWEKE LINK.
LEO TAREHE 15/01/2014 NDIO NIMEAMUA KUWEKA MAELEZO MENYEWE.
sikuwa na nia ya kuongeza chumvi wala kudanganya ila tatizo la watu ni kwamba hatuaminiani maana ilitakiwa watu ama wachangiaji wajikite zaidi kuuliza maswali ya kitaalamu na kutoa ushahidi unaokinzana na maelezo haya badala ya kuulizia link.
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maelezo yenyewe haya haya. NB. MAELEZO MENGINE HAYATOKANI NA MAELEZO HAYA.
[h=1]Treatment is prevention: HPTN 052 study shows 96% reduction in transmission when HIV-positive partner starts treatment early[/h] Keith Alcorn
Published: 18 July 2011
[h=5]Jump to[/h]
Results from a trial showing that antiretroviral treatment prevents HIV from being passed onto uninfected partners received a standing ovation today at the Sixth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2011) in Rome.
HPTN 052 showed that early treatment started at a CD4 count between 350 and 550 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP] reduced the risk of HIV transmission to an uninfected partner by at least 96%. Almost all the study participants were heterosexual couples.
But Professor Myron Cohen of the University of North Carolina, who led the study, urged caution in interpreting the results, reminding the audience that the transmission study had followed patients for a median of 1.7 years.
Nevertheless, he said, these are important results to give to a serodiscordant couple.
The HPTN 052 study recruited 1763 couples in Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Kenya, South Africa, Brazil, Thailand, the US and India. The trial recruited serodiscordant couples one HIV-positive, one HIV-negative in which the HIV-positive partner had a CD4 cell count between 350 and 550 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP], and was thus ineligible for treatment.
The HIV-positive participants were randomised either to start treatment immediately, or to defer treatment until their CD4 counts fell into the range 250 to 200, the threshold for starting treatment in national guidelines at the time the study began recruiting.
The overall gender balance in the trial was even, but the HIV-positive participants were significantly more likely to be women in the Africa region.
Approximately 95% of the couples were married, and 6% reported unprotected intercourse in the previous month at baseline.
Of note, just over one-quarter of HIV-positive individuals reported no sexual activity at baseline, and there is some indication that sexual activity actually declined at some points during the follow-up period in both the immediate- and the deferred-treatment arms.
However, condom use was high, reported by 94% of HIV-positive individuals at baseline, and there was no evidence of a decline in self-reported condom use as the study went on.
[h=3]Results[/h] A total of 39 individuals became infected during the study, four in the immediate-treatment arm and 36 in the deferred-treatment arm, during a median follow-up period of 1.7 years.
A careful genetic analysis of virus samples from the HIV-positive partner and the subsequently infected partner was conducted to determine how many of the infections could be attributed to the index partners.
Eleven cases of transmission were unlinked, that is, attributable either to sex outside the primary relationship, or else the source could not be confidently determined. There was a strong association between unlinked infection and reporting more than one sexual partner in the three months prior to seroconversion (p<0.0001).
This left 28 infections, of which only one occurred in the immediate-treatment arm. This represented a reduction in the risk of transmission of 96%, and was highly statistically significant (P <0.001).
Sixty-four per cent of transmissions occurred from the female to the male partner, and 82% of transmissions took place at African trial sites.
Surprisingly, the majority of transmission events were estimated to have occurred when the index partner had a CD4 count above 350 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP], indicating that any potential prevention benefit of treatment might only be maximised by providing treatment above the threshold currently recommended by the World Health Organization. (It recommends that treatment should start once a persons CD4 cell count has fallen below 350.)
In the delayed arm, the median viral load (as measured at the last clinic visit) at which transmission took place was 4.9 log (approximately 80,000 copies/ml), while the median CD4 count was 391 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP].
In the immediate treatment arm the only verified transmission took place during the early months of treatment, with HIV antibodies fully detectable 85 days after baseline in the partner who became infected. The transmitting partner had a baseline viral load of 87,202 copies, and after 28 days a viral load below 400 copies/ml.
Professor Cohen said that couples need to be counselled about the possible differences in risk between the first few months of treatment and later periods.
Final multivariate analysis showed that baseline viral load was the strongest predictor of transmission in both groups (hazard ratio 2.84, 95% confidence interval 1.51-5.41). Consistent condom use at baseline was highly protective (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.91).
naombeni tusome kwa makini na kuchangia michango yenye tija kwenye topiki hii iwe maswali na maelezo ili watu waelimike,nitakuwepo kwa muda kujibu maswali yoyote ya UKIMWI na baadhi ya hoja.
pia nitumie muda huu kuwatia moyo wale wote walioathirika na maambukizi.
pia nitumie muda huu kuwaasa member wenzangu humu kwenda kupima(nitaeleza baadae umuhimu wake)
BACK TO TOPIC
si ajabu wengi mmepata kusikia kuwa katika familia fulani mke ana HIV/UKIMWI lakini mume wake amepima mara kadhaa na hana UKIMWI ama mume ana UKIMWI lakini mke wake amepima mara kadhaa na hana UKIMWI.
ama wapenzi wawili walioshiriki mapenzi bila kinga mara nyingi zaidi na kwa kipindi kirefu tena wakiwa pamoja kwa muda mwingi, mmoja kati yao akaonekana ana HIV na mwingine hana na hata baada ya muda mrefu inabakia hivyo.
SABABU ZA WAPENZI KUSHIRIKI MAPENZI BILA KINGA NA MMOJA AKABAKIA SALAMA
ziko sababu mbili kubwa japo nitajadili moja tu na ndio lengolangu.
1.kuna watu ambao ulinzi wao wa mwili(immune system) unazuia maambukizi ya ukimwi karibia kwa asilimia 100% lakini hawa watu ni wachache sana duniani japo wapo maeneo mbalimbali.
2.matumizi ya ARV kwa aliyeathirika na maambukizi yanasaidia kuzuia maambukizi kwa zaidi ya asilimia 96%.
kwa malezo hayo mafupi wala usije shituka sana ama kutoamini ukisikia mmoja ana UKIMWI lakini mpenzi wake hana.
MAELEZO KWA UNDANI NA MATUMIZI YA ARV.
1.ARV ni vidonge ambavyo mtu anaeugua ukimwi hupewa ili kufubaza virusi visiendelee kuzaliana na kusambaa maeneo mbalimbali
2.vidonge vya ARV hupewa mtu ambaye CD4 zake zikipungua kufikia 350
3.kama bado mgonjwa ana CD4 zaidi ya 350 basi hupewa vidonge vingine ambavyo huzuia maambukizi nyemelezi na anabakia kuwa mwenye afya njema kama wengine.
4.mgonjwa wa UKIMWI anatakiwa kunywa vidonge vya ARV kila siku katika maisha yake yaliyobakia.
5.ARV zinasababisha kuaathirika kwa INI na KONGOSHO na hili limekuwa chanzo kwa vifo vya wanaotumia ARV kama asilimia 20%
TAFITI KATIKA MATUMIZI YA ARV KATIKA KUZUIA MAAMBUKIZI KWA WASIO NA UKIMWI.
tafiti nyingi zimefanyika na mpaka sasa na zinaendelea na imebainika na kuthibitika bila shaka kuwa mtu anaetumia ARV ana kama asilimi 1% mpaka 4% ya kumwambukiza mtu mwingine.matumizi ya ARV hupunguza kabisa idadi ya virusi maana vinakuwa vimefubazwa na kubakia kwenye eneo moja la mazalia(reservour) na hivyo havitoki na kuja maeneo mengine ili viambukize wengine, kwa maelezo haya inatokea mara nyingi kuona kuwa mke hana ukimwi na mume anao japo wanashiriki mapenzi kila siku.
hii ni ajabu kidogo kama si sana
ikumbukwe kwamba kwa sasa wengi wanatumia kondomu kujikinga na maambukizi ya UKIMWI na wengi wamesalimika lakini je wanajua uwezo wa kondomu kuzuia UKIMWI? najua si wengi lakini uwezo wa kondomu kuzui maambukizi ya UKIMWI ni asilimia 70%
mlinganisho wa CONDOM na ARV
ARV inazuia maambukizi ya UKIMWI kwa zaidi ya 90% NA CONDOMU kwa asilimia 70%
kwa mlinganisho huu nadhani kila mmoja atakua amepata picha.
ONYO.
maelezo haya yasihalishe watu kuwa na imani zaidi kuwa hawawezi kuambukizwa na watumia ARV kwa sababu zifuatazo
1.si watu wote wanatumia ARV kama inavyotakiwa maana wengine huacha kutumia na kuanza tena kutumia bada ya muda
2.na pia hata asilimia 4% inaweza kuambukiza japo si rahisi kutokea
NIISHIE HAPA KWA KUSEMA KUWA MTU ANAETUMIA ARV HANA UWEZO WA KUAMBUKIZA UKIMWI.
mwisho kabisa nitoe angalizo kuwa.
1.watu waache kuwekana chambo kwenda kupima ukimwi. maana wengi huwa wanasema mimi mke wangu kapima na UKIMWI hana kwa hiyo na mimi sina, ama mimi MUME wangu kapima na hana HIV kwa hiyo na mimi sina,ama demu wangu kapima na UKIMWI hana kwa hiyo na mimi sina.
inawezekana unao
2.Mke wangu kapima UKIMWI na ana HIV kwa hiyo na mimi ninao,ama MUME wako kapima ukimwi na anao na wewe unamtumia kama kipimo kumbe wewe huna.
nenda kapime kwa uhakika.
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NIMELAZIMIKA KUWEKA WAZI UTAFITI HUU BAADA YA WATU WEGI KUJADILI KWA KUTILIA SHAKA ZAIDI NA KUTAKA NIWEKE LINK.
LEO TAREHE 15/01/2014 NDIO NIMEAMUA KUWEKA MAELEZO MENYEWE.
sikuwa na nia ya kuongeza chumvi wala kudanganya ila tatizo la watu ni kwamba hatuaminiani maana ilitakiwa watu ama wachangiaji wajikite zaidi kuuliza maswali ya kitaalamu na kutoa ushahidi unaokinzana na maelezo haya badala ya kuulizia link.
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maelezo yenyewe haya haya. NB. MAELEZO MENGINE HAYATOKANI NA MAELEZO HAYA.
[h=1]Treatment is prevention: HPTN 052 study shows 96% reduction in transmission when HIV-positive partner starts treatment early[/h] Keith Alcorn
Published: 18 July 2011
[h=5]Jump to[/h]
Results from a trial showing that antiretroviral treatment prevents HIV from being passed onto uninfected partners received a standing ovation today at the Sixth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2011) in Rome.
HPTN 052 showed that early treatment started at a CD4 count between 350 and 550 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP] reduced the risk of HIV transmission to an uninfected partner by at least 96%. Almost all the study participants were heterosexual couples.
"These are important results to give to a serodiscordant couple. Myron Cohen
The study lends some support to advice given three years ago in the Swiss statement, a document issued by Swiss doctors which stated that, for heterosexual couples where the HIV-positive partner had an undetectable viral load on stable treatment (and no sexually transmitted infections) the risk of HIV transmission through vaginal intercourse was negligible.
But Professor Myron Cohen of the University of North Carolina, who led the study, urged caution in interpreting the results, reminding the audience that the transmission study had followed patients for a median of 1.7 years.
Nevertheless, he said, these are important results to give to a serodiscordant couple.
The HPTN 052 study recruited 1763 couples in Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Kenya, South Africa, Brazil, Thailand, the US and India. The trial recruited serodiscordant couples one HIV-positive, one HIV-negative in which the HIV-positive partner had a CD4 cell count between 350 and 550 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP], and was thus ineligible for treatment.
The HIV-positive participants were randomised either to start treatment immediately, or to defer treatment until their CD4 counts fell into the range 250 to 200, the threshold for starting treatment in national guidelines at the time the study began recruiting.
The overall gender balance in the trial was even, but the HIV-positive participants were significantly more likely to be women in the Africa region.
Approximately 95% of the couples were married, and 6% reported unprotected intercourse in the previous month at baseline.
Of note, just over one-quarter of HIV-positive individuals reported no sexual activity at baseline, and there is some indication that sexual activity actually declined at some points during the follow-up period in both the immediate- and the deferred-treatment arms.
However, condom use was high, reported by 94% of HIV-positive individuals at baseline, and there was no evidence of a decline in self-reported condom use as the study went on.
[h=3]Results[/h] A total of 39 individuals became infected during the study, four in the immediate-treatment arm and 36 in the deferred-treatment arm, during a median follow-up period of 1.7 years.
A careful genetic analysis of virus samples from the HIV-positive partner and the subsequently infected partner was conducted to determine how many of the infections could be attributed to the index partners.
Eleven cases of transmission were unlinked, that is, attributable either to sex outside the primary relationship, or else the source could not be confidently determined. There was a strong association between unlinked infection and reporting more than one sexual partner in the three months prior to seroconversion (p<0.0001).
This left 28 infections, of which only one occurred in the immediate-treatment arm. This represented a reduction in the risk of transmission of 96%, and was highly statistically significant (P <0.001).
Sixty-four per cent of transmissions occurred from the female to the male partner, and 82% of transmissions took place at African trial sites.
Surprisingly, the majority of transmission events were estimated to have occurred when the index partner had a CD4 count above 350 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP], indicating that any potential prevention benefit of treatment might only be maximised by providing treatment above the threshold currently recommended by the World Health Organization. (It recommends that treatment should start once a persons CD4 cell count has fallen below 350.)
In the delayed arm, the median viral load (as measured at the last clinic visit) at which transmission took place was 4.9 log (approximately 80,000 copies/ml), while the median CD4 count was 391 cells/mm[SUP]3[/SUP].
In the immediate treatment arm the only verified transmission took place during the early months of treatment, with HIV antibodies fully detectable 85 days after baseline in the partner who became infected. The transmitting partner had a baseline viral load of 87,202 copies, and after 28 days a viral load below 400 copies/ml.
Professor Cohen said that couples need to be counselled about the possible differences in risk between the first few months of treatment and later periods.
Final multivariate analysis showed that baseline viral load was the strongest predictor of transmission in both groups (hazard ratio 2.84, 95% confidence interval 1.51-5.41). Consistent condom use at baseline was highly protective (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.91).