JokaKuu,
Nani kakupa mamlaka ya kuwasemea Watanzania naona hapa ndugu yangu umeteleza ingawa
Jasusi kakupongeza sana waswahili wanasema umemkosha kwa maneno yako murua.
.
Hapa naomba kwa faida ya wanaukumbi utufahamishe unawaongelea wa bara wa wapi bara kubwa hili nipate kukujibu vizuri, sababu umesema kwenu nyie wa bara.
Mnawatambua nyie kina nani? hebu soma hapa chini dunia inawatambuaje Wazungu.
Rome
See also:
Slavery in ancient Rome
Romans inherited the institution of slavery from the
Greeks and the
Phoenicians.[SUP]
[21][/SUP] As the
Roman Republic expanded outward, entire populations were enslaved, thus creating an ample supply to work in
Rome's farms and households. The people subjected to
Roman slavery came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Such oppression by an elite minority eventually led to
slave revolts; the
Third Servile War led by
Spartacus was the most famous and severe. Greeks,
Berbers,
Germans,
Britons,
Slavs,
Thracians,
Gauls (or
Celts), Jews,
Arabs, and many more were slaves used not only for labor, but also for amusement (e.g.
gladiators and
sex slaves). If a slave ran away, he was liable to be
crucified. By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome.[SUP]
[22][/SUP] In the
Roman Empire, probably over 25% of the empire's population,[SUP]
[23][/SUP] and 30 to 40% of the population of Italy[SUP]
[24][/SUP] was enslaved.
Celtic Tribes
Celtic tribes of Europe are recorded by various Roman sources as owning slaves. The extent of slavery in prehistorical Europe is not well known however.[SUP]
[25][/SUP]
The Vikings and Scandinavia
Main articles:
Thrall and
Volga trade route
In the
Viking era beginning circa 793, the
Norse raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. In the
Nordic countries the slaves were called
thralls (
Old Norse:
Þræll).[SUP]
[26][/SUP] The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many
Franks,
Anglo-Saxons, and
Celts. Many Irish slaves participated in the colonization of
Iceland.[SUP]
[27][/SUP] There is evidence of German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves as well. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th through 11th centuries. The Persian traveller
Ibn Rustah described how Swedish Vikings, the
Varangians or
Rus, terrorized and enslaved the
Slavs. The thrall system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia.[SUP]
[28]
[/SUP]
Portugal
See also:
Slavery in Portugal,
Portuguese Empire, and
Economic history of Portugal
Portrait of an African Man, c. 1525-1530. The insignia on his hat alludes to possible Spanish or Portuguese origins.
The 15th-century
Portuguese exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452,
Pope Nicholas V issued the
papal bull Dum Diversas, granting
Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery which legitimized slave trade under Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his
Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European
colonialism. Although for a short period as in 1462, Pius II declared slavery to be "a great crime".[SUP]
[54][/SUP] The followers of the church of England and Protestants did not use the papal bull as a justification. The position of the church was to condemn the slavery of Christians, but slavery was regarded as an old established and necessary institution which supplied Europe with the necessary workforce. In the 16th century African slaves had replaced almost all other ethnicities and religious enslaved groups in Europe.[SUP]
[55][/SUP] Within the Portuguese territory of Brazil, and even beyond its original borders, the enslavement of native Americans was carried out by the
Bandeirantes.
Among many other European slave markets,
Genoa, and
Venice were some well-known markets, their importance and demand growing after the
great plague of the 14th century which decimated much of the European work force.[SUP]
[56][/SUP] The maritime town of
Lagos, Portugal, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves – the
Mercado de Escravos, opened in 1444.[SUP]
[57][/SUP][SUP]
[58][/SUP] In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern
Mauritania.[SUP]
[58][/SUP] Prince
Henry the Navigator, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal.[SUP]
[58][/SUP] By the year 1552 African slaves made up 10 percent of the population of
Lisbon.[SUP]
[59][/SUP][SUP]
[60][/SUP] In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas – in the case of Portugal, especially
Brazil.[SUP]
[58][/SUP] In the 15th century one third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold.[SUP]
[55][/SUP]
As Portugal increased its presence along China's coast, they began
trading in slaves. Many Chinese slaves were sold to Portugal.[SUP]
[61][/SUP][SUP]
[62][/SUP] Since the 16th century Chinese slaves existed in Portugal, most of them were Chinese children and a large amount were shipped to the Indies.[SUP]
[63][/SUP] Chinese prisoners were sent to Portugal, where they were sold as slaves, they were prized and regarded better than moorish and black slaves.[SUP]
[64][/SUP] The first known visit of a Chinese person to Europe dates to 1540, when a Chinese scholar, enslaved during one of several Portuguese raids somewhere on the southern China coast, was brought to Portugal. Purchased by
João de Barros, he worked with the Portuguese historian on translating Chinese texts into Portuguese.[SUP]
[65][/SUP]
Dona Maria de Vilhena, a Portuguese noble woman from
Évora, Portugal, owned a Chinese male slave in 1562.[SUP]
[66][/SUP][SUP]
[67][/SUP][SUP]
[68][/SUP] In the 16th century, a small number of Chinese slaves, around 29–34 people were in southern Portugal, where they were used in agricultural labor.[SUP]
[69][/SUP] Chinese boys were captured in China, and through
Macau were brought to Portugal and sold as slaves in
Lisbon. Some were then sold in
Brazil, a Portuguese colony.[SUP]
[70][/SUP][SUP]
[71][/SUP][SUP]
[72][/SUP] Due to hostility from the Chinese regarding the trafficking in Chinese slaves, in 1595 a law was passed by Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese slaves.[SUP]
[73][/SUP] On 19 February 1624, the King of Portugal forbade the enslavement of Chinese of either sex.[SUP]
[74][/SUP][SUP]
[75][/SUP]
Spain
See also:
Spanish Empire,
Spanish colonization of the Americas, and
Black ladino
Emperor Charles V captured Tunis in 1535, liberating 20,000 Christian slaves
The
Spaniards were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the
New World on islands such as
Cuba and
Hispaniola, where the native population starved themselves rather than work for the Spanish. Although the natives were used as forced labor (the Spanish employed the pre-Columbian draft system called the
mita),[SUP]
[76][/SUP] the spread of disease caused a shortage of labor, and so the Spanish colonists gradually became involved in the
Atlantic slave trade. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501;[SUP]
[77][/SUP] by 1517, the natives had been "virtually annihilated" by the settlers.[SUP]
[78][/SUP]
Netherlands
Although slavery was illegal inside the
Netherlands it flourished in the Dutch Empire, and helped support the economy.[SUP]
[79][/SUP] By 1650 the Dutch had the pre-eminent slave trade in Europe.[SUP]
[80][/SUP] They were overtaken by Britain around 1700. Historians agree that in all the Dutch shipped about 550,000 African slaves across the Atlantic, about 75,000 of whom died on board before reaching their destinations. From 1596 to 1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves in the Dutch Guianas, 142,000 in the Dutch Caribbean islands, and 28,000 in Dutch Brazil.[SUP]
[81][/SUP] In addition, tens of thousands of slaves, mostly from India and some from Africa, were carried to the Dutch East Indies.[SUP]
[82][/SUP]
Great Britain and Ireland
Main articles:
Slavery in Britain and Ireland and
Slavery in the colonial United States
Capture in war, voluntary servitude and debt slavery became common, and slaves were routinely bought and sold, but running away was common and slavery was never a major economic factor. Ireland and Denmark were markets for captured Anglo Saxon and Celtic slaves. Pope Gregory I reputedly made the pun,
Non Angli, sed Angeli ("Not Angles, but Angels"), after a response to his query regarding the identity of a group of fair-haired
Angles slave children whom he had observed in the marketplace. After 1100 slavery faded away as uneconomical.[SUP]
[83][/SUP]
Barbary Corsairs
From the 16th to 19th century,
Barbary Corsairs raided the coasts of Europe and attacked lone ships at sea. From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. 160 English ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680.[SUP]
[84][/SUP] Many of the captured sailors were made into slaves and held for ransom. The corsairs were no strangers to the South West of England where raids were known in a number of coastal communities. In 1627
Barbary Pirates under command of the Dutch renegade
Jan Janszoon operating from the Moroccan port of
Salé occupied the island of
Lundy.[SUP]
[85][/SUP] During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to Algiers.[SUP]
[86][/SUP][SUP]
[87][/SUP]
Ireland, despite its northern position, was not immune from attacks by the corsairs. In June 1631
Murat Reis, with pirates from
Algiers and armed troops of the
Ottoman Empire, stormed ashore at the little harbor village of
Baltimore, County Cork. They
captured almost all the villagers and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa.[SUP]
[88][/SUP] The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates-some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the scented seclusion of the harem or within the walls of the sultan's palace. Only two of them ever saw Ireland again.
Atlantic slave trade
Main article:
Atlantic slave trade
Britain played a prominent role in the
Atlantic slave trade, especially after 1600. Slavery was a legal institution in all of the 13
American colonies and Canada (acquired by Britain in 1763). The profits of the slave trade and of
West Indian plantations amounted to 5% of the
British economy at the time of the
Industrial Revolution.[SUP]
[89][/SUP] The
Somersett's case in 1772 was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under
English law in England. In 1785, English poet
William Cowper wrote: "We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein."[SUP]
[90][/SUP] In 1807, following many years of lobbying by the
Abolitionist movement, the
British Parliament voted to make the slave trade illegal anywhere in the Empire with the
Slave Trade Act 1807. Thereafter Britain took a prominent role in combating the trade, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire with the
Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Between 1808 and 1860, the
West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.[SUP]
[91][/SUP] Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of
Lagos", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers.[SUP]
[92][/SUP] In 1839, the world's oldest international human rights organization,
Anti-Slavery International, was formed in Britain by
Joseph Sturge, which worked to outlaw slavery in other countries.[SUP]
[93][/SUP]
In 1811,
Arthur William Hodge was the first slave owner executed for the murder of a slave in the
British West Indies.[SUP]
[94][/SUP] He was not, however, as some have claimed, the first
white person to have been
lawfully executed for the
killing of a slave.[SUP]
[95][/SUP][SUP]
[96][/SUP]
Pre-industrial Europe
It became the custom among the
Mediterranean powers to sentence condemned criminals to row in the war-
galleys of the state (initially only in time of war).[SUP]
[97][/SUP] The French
Huguenots filled the galleys after the
revocation of the
Edict of Nantes in 1685 and
Camisard rebellion.[SUP]
[98][/SUP]
Galley-slaves lived in unsavoury conditions, so even though some sentences prescribed a restricted number of years, most rowers would eventually die, even if they survived
shipwreck and
slaughter or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates.[SUP]
[99][/SUP]
Naval forces often turned 'infidel'
prisoners-of-war into galley-slaves. Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy-the Ottoman corsair and admiral
Turgut Reis and the
Knights Hospitaller Grand Master
Jean Parisot de la Valette among them.[SUP]
[100][/SUP]
From the 1440s into the 18th century hundreds of thousands of
Ukrainians were sold into slavery to the Turks. In 1575, the
Tatars captured over 35,000 Ukrainians; a 1676 raid took almost 40,000. About 60,000 Ukrainians were captured in 1688; some were ransomed, but most were sold into slavery.[SUP]
[101][/SUP][SUP]
[102][/SUP] Some of the
Roma people were enslaved over five centuries in
Romania until abolition in 1864 (see
Slavery in Romania).[SUP]
[103][/SUP]
Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade. This happened with a decree issued by the
king in 1792, to become fully effective by 1803. Slavery itself was not banned until 1848. At this time
Iceland was a part of
Denmark-Norway but slave trading had been abolished in Iceland in 1117 and had never been reestablished.[SUP]
[104][/SUP]
Slavery in the
French Republic was abolished on 4 February 1794 however it was re-established by
Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804. Slavery would be permanently abolished in the French empire during the French Revolution of 1848. The
Haitian Revolution established
Haiti as a free republic ruled by blacks, the first of its kind.[SUP]
[105][/SUP] At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as
Saint-Domingue and was a colony of France.[SUP]
[106][/SUP]
Hapa ndiyo nataka utufahamishe nyie watu wa bara taja hizo sehemu.