Attn: Gombesugu. Nadhani tumemaliza ubishi kuhusu Kennedy na civil rights. [TABLE="class: infobox, width: 22"]
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[TH="align: left"]Enacted by the
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88th United States Congress
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[TH="align: left"]Effective
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[TD="align: left"]July 2, 1964
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[TH="colspan: 2"]Citations
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[TH="align: left"]Public Law
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88-352
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Stat.
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[TD="align: left"]78
Stat. 241
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[TH="align: left"]Title(s) amended
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[TD="align: left"]42
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[TH="colspan: 2"]Legislative history
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- Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler (D–NY) on June 20, 1963
- Committee consideration by: Judiciary
- Passed the House on February 10, 1964 (290–130)
- Passed the Senate on June 19, 1964 (71–29) with amendment
- House agreed to Senate amendment on June 30, 1964 (289–126)
- Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964
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[TH="colspan: 2"]Major amendments
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[TH="colspan: 2"]Codification
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[TH="colspan: 2"]United States Supreme Court cases
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Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
Ricci v. DeStefano
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The
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (
Pub.L. 88–352, 78
Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of
civil rights legislation in the
United States[SUP]
[1][/SUP] that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women.[SUP]
[2][/SUP] It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and
racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").
Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the
United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate
interstate commerce under
Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens
equal protection of the laws under the
Fourteenth Amendment and its duty to protect voting rights under the
Fifteenth Amendment. The Act was signed into
law by
President Lyndon B. Johnson, who would later sign the landmark
Voting Rights Act into law.
The bill was called for by President
John F. Kennedy in his
civil rights speech of June 11, 1963,[SUP]
[3][/SUP] in which he asked for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public-hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for the right to vote." Kennedy delivered this speech following a series of
protests from the African-American community, the most concurrent being the
Birmingham campaign which concluded in May 1963.
Emulating the
Civil Rights Act of 1875, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations, and to enable the
U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. However, it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits.[SUP]
[4][/SUP]