V.V.U na Upimaji wake (Coincidences)

[pakamwam]

topic immunodefficiency diseseases
examples
1.deficiency of B-cell system(agammaglobulinemia)
2.deficiency of cellular immunity
3.combined deficiency of cllular and humaral immunity
4.defects of neutrophil functions
complement deficiences
with exception to IgA defieciecy, primary immuno deficiency syndromes are rare, eith combined incidences of about 2in 10,000 ive births reference, primary immunodeficiency diseases. report of WHO scientific group. immonodefic Rev3:195-235,1992

causes of these immuno deficiency states can be
1. genetical
2. virus induced like HTLV1


examples of immono defieciency diseases by common names
1.agammaglobulinemia
2.x-linked Brutons's agammaglobulinemia
3. common variable immonodeficiency(CVI) incidence is 1 in 25,000 and it occurs from the age of 21 years to 71
4. IgA deficiency
5. isolated IgG subclass deficiency
6. severe combined immono deficiency(SCID)
7. DiGeorge anomaly
8. purine neucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
9. wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
10. defect of neutrophil function
11.chronic granulomatous disease (OGD) na hii huanza mtoto akiwa na mwaka mmoja anavamiwa na bacteria, fungus burkholderiacepacia
12. leukocyte adhetion defieciency
13.complement deficiency

 

[kupe]

Sina hakika kama malaria...kipindupindu ....tb...etc unamkanganyiko wa kitaalamu kama ulivo ukimwi...

Hahaha ukielewa au ukitaka wewe haina mkanganyiko ila usipoelewa au usipotaka wewe ina mkanganyiko. Sayansi sio dini.

 

[Deception]

Yes mkuu Deception kuna wakati couples moja ya mjeshi ilitoa ushuhuda ambapo mjeshi alimuoa mkewe akiwa bikira wakiwa wameishi miaka kama miwili mke akaanza kuugua na kupimwa kuwa ni HIV + kwa kutumia convention wisdom akahitimisha kuwa mume ndiye kamwambukiza. Akatamani kufamya mpango kumwua mumewe lakini akasita,akaamua kwenda kwao, baadae mume alimwomba samahani na kuahidi kumtumza na kumheshimu, wakarudi kuishi pamoja, baadae mume akugua kikohozi kwa Muda kidogo kwa kuwa aliaminishwa na HIV+ ya mkewe kuwa naye anao basi akawa anasononeka pekee yake, baadae akaenda hospital ya masistwr na kuomba kuchinguzwa ikiwa ni pamoja na kupimwa ukimwi, ajabu aliambiwa yuko -ve anasema , baada ya kuambiwa hivyo aliamua kwenda Pasada kupimwa nako wakamwambia yuko -ve, aliamua kumshirikisha mkewe na yeye pamoja na mkewe wakarudia kupimwa upya lakini mke alikuwa +ve na mume -ve sasa kilichobaki ni kitendawili ambacho mke alikiteguwa kuwa amaewahi kuuguza Dada yake ambaye aliaminika kuwa na ukimwi.
Hoja inabaki pale pale bado hatujui hicho kinachosababisha watu wadhoofu na kufa nje ya magonjwa ambayo ni wazi ndiyo hupelekea kifo. TB Malaria, BP,Sukari na Madawa ya ukimwi nk nk nk

Mimi najua kinachosababisha watu wadhoofu kama nitapewa nafasi ya kuchangia mawazo kwa daktari anayempima mgonjwa.Unajua unaweza kuona kama ni complicated lakini ni rahisi sana kujua,mimi mbona nawachomoa wengi tu katika mitego hii?Hebu kama kuna mtu anamfahamu jamaa yake yeyote mwenye tatizo hili(feki) ambaye hajaanza bado kutumia ARVs anishirikishe halafu tulete marejesho hapa."Experience is the best teacher", he he heee.

Lakini mkuu umesahau hoja nyingine kwenye bandiko lako.Vipi kuhusu mumewe?Kwa nini hajaambukizwa na wameishi kwa miaka 2?Au hajapata michubuko?He he heee.

 

[pakamwam]

Mkuu, hapa sasa nimepata elimu mpya kabsa, kwamba kuna AINA NYINGI za UKIMWI, including:

(a) UKIMWI wa kawaida (Immuno defficiency). Ukimwi huu unaweza kusababushwa na chakula, autoimmune states katika mwili na matatizo mengine kama mionzi nayoweza kuua aina fulani ya cells zinazozalisha cells nyingine;

(b) Upungufu wa kinga mwilini (AIDS). Ukimwi huu ndo unaosababishwa na huyo kirusi wa HIV.

Napata elimu mpya kabsa hapa. Na kwa maana hii sasa, kumbe hoja za mkuu Deception zinalalia hapo kwenye (a) tu, yaani Ukimwi wa kawaida ambao ni ''Immuno defficiency''. Hehehe this is very interesting to follow-up!

Sasa mkuu pakamwam , nielimishe zaidi ktk hoja ifuatayo:

So, mtu mwenye huo Ukimwi wa kawaida (yaani Immuno Defficiency) anaugua magonjwa tofauti na magonjwa ya Upungufu wa kinga mwilini (yaani AIDS)?? Thus, kuna utofauti wa magonjwa specifically kwa kila aina ya Ukimwi ?? Ama magonjwa ni yale yale (the same) kwa hizo aina mbili za Ukimwi ??

CC: mkuyati og .

anaugua tofauti ingawa inategemea na chembe za kinga ziliathirika. fuailia utaona kuna mahali nimetaja magonjwa ambayo yako katika immuno deficiency state. inategemea na magojwa. fuatilia post mahali fulani utaonna magonjwa na unawez kwenda kuyagugo

 

[H1N1]

Mimi najua kinachosababisha watu wadhoofu kama nitapewa nafasi ya kuchangia mawazo kwa daktari anayempima mgonjwa.Unajua unaweza kuona kama ni complicated lakini ni rahisi sana kujua,mimi mbona nawachomoa wengi tu katika mitego hii?Hebu kama kuna mtu anamfahamu jamaa yake yeyote mwenye tatizo hili(feki) ambaye hajaanza bado kutumia ARVs anishirikishe halafu tulete marejesho hapa."Experience is the best teacher", he he heee.

Lakini mkuu umesahau hoja nyingine kwenye bandiko lako.Vipi kuhusu mumewe?Kwa nini hajaambukizwa na wameishi kwa miaka 2?Au hajapata michubuko?He he heee.

Mkuu, hawa couple walikuwa wanatoa ushuhuda kwenye vyombo vya habari juu ya UKIMWI, na kuleta matatizo hasa kwa sisi wengine ambao tunaona UKIMWI ni GDP issue ya Wamarekani kuliko kuwa ugonjwa au tatizo.
Hivyo kuhusu hitimisho la mume ilikuwa hakuna maelezo kuhusu michubuko au lah.
Lakini hihitaji kuwa mtaalam au mwanasayaansi kujua kuwa biashara in terms of dollars inayofanyika kwenye ukimwi haina uhusiano hata kidogo na madhara ambayo huo uitwao UKIMWI unasababisha kwa binadamu, nafahamu na naamini nawe unafahamu kuwa malaria ambayo tumeambiwa inauwa mtu mmoja kila baada ya sekunde 33 duniani haijawekewa investment kama ambayo kirusi wa UKIMWI kawekewa, kwa nini ?

 

[Kitoabu]

umeongea mambo mengi sana ambayo mimi kama mwalimu wa chuocha afya fulani nashindwa nianzie wapi. cha msingi kama kweli unahitaji kujua nitafute kwa simu ambayo nitakupm. nitakuelewesha kwa kirefu.

pia katika vipimo tuna vitu vitu vingi, tuna antigen/antibody based tests, tuna polymerase chain reaction tests na test nyingine nyingi. the gold standard katika test zote zote ni PCR tests ambazo zinaweza kumwona mdudu kama mdudu kwa kutumia vinasaba.
yapo mamb mengi ya kukuelimisha kuhusu vipimo. nitafute kwenye namba hiyo au karibu in vitro maabara mbezi ya kimara. tutakuelimisha bure na kukupa ushauri bure kuhusu afya kwa ujumla wake

Kwanini usitupie hapa kwa faida ya wote? Au jamaa atakua kagusa maslahi ya wengi nawewe ukiwemo?

Kabla haujampa hiyo elimu ya vipimo uliyosema unayo, tuambie kwanza ni jinsi gani VVU anaweza sababisha UKIMWI (upungufu wa kinga mwilini)

 

[Kitoabu]

yote ulioyandika ni uongo. mimi ni mwalimu wa chuo cha muhimbili kwenye sayansi za maabara. HIV ipo, unaweza kuisolate hata wewe ukifundishwa na pia vipimovyote ni kweli na sio imani. asikudanganye mtu na hizo articles unazosoma na za medical fanatics na fallacy. jaribu kusoma articles toka HINARI, PUBMED na WHO utapa articles zenye ukweli na in depth knowledge

Kwahiyo ukiwa mwalimu wa chuo cha mwimbili sisi itatusaidia nn wakati ndugu zetu wanakufa kwa ugonjwa wenu feki na hakuna juhudi zozote zinazo onyesha mutafanikiwa kuushinda?

Mwalimu anakua na akili za kushilkiwa na akina Lucy Montegra?

 

[yankee]

Haha, yo just bluffing in shame!! Poor you!! Nimejaribu kuweka article yote na sio link ili kuweka kumbukumbu ya maneno.
Unakomaa na hyo video, ila kumbuka hata aliyegundua umeme hakuwahi kuuperfect!! Hakuna mwenye haki miliki na scientific findings. People with better knowledge and knowhow will always perfect and outperform you. And that is simply science. Yeye uwezo wake uliishia hapo,, sio kwamba ana hati miliki kuhusu kuelewa kirusi alichogundua.

Hujui basis ya scientific studies wewe. so it's a waste of your, and what is INFINITELY WORSE , A WASTE OF MY TIME.. so, suck it!!

Nimefatilia kwa makini mjadala huu but naona wewe huna hoja za msingi unapayuka tu rudi kajipange upya mkuu

 

[Abou Saydou]

Nimefatilia kwa makini mjadala huu but naona wewe huna hoja za msingi unapayuka tu rudi kajipange upya mkuu

Ndio walimu wetu hawa .

 

[pakamwam]

Kwanini usitupie hapa kwa faida ya wote? Au jamaa atakua kagusa maslahi ya wengi nawewe ukiwemo?

Kabla haujampa hiyo elimu ya vipimo uliyosema unayo, tuambie kwanza ni jinsi gani VVU anaweza sababisha UKIMWI (upungufu wa kinga mwilini)

hilo ni somo refu na inahiaji kuongea kuliko kuandika maana nimetuma articlehapo lakini hakuna anayesoma maana ni kubwa sana

 

[mkuyati og]

Nimefatilia kwa makini mjadala huu but naona wewe huna hoja za msingi unapayuka tu rudi kajipange upya mkuu

Mtazamo wako tu, sio lazima unielewe

 

[mkuyati og]

Bottom line, sidhani kama hapa patapatikana concensus. Watu wamepewa facts, tena kwa maandishi ila wengi humu wame ignore. Ni ngumu kulazimisha watu waamini unachoamini, ila hata facts hamuoni? Kuna jamaa kaweka article juu ya HIV na jinsi gani anaathiri mbili, ila kwakuwa hakuna utamaduni wa kusoma basi watu wanapita tuna mwisho wake wanarudia kuuliza maswali Yale Yale!! I rest my case, every one is entitled to their own opinion. Remember, STAY SAFE. peace

 

[mzee wa kigonzile]

Kabla sijatoa mtazamo kuhusu hiyo definition ya American CDC kuhusu "Ukimwi", naomba nipatie link inayoeleza definition hizo. Nimetafuta kwa sasa nimeikosa, so direct me.

Kuhusu tafiti ya mwaka 84, nimejibu kwenye post za juu.

Kuongezea tu, kuna utafouti kati ya concept ya HIV kwa maana ya virus, na AIDS (hiv aids). Hehe, siegemei upande wako, nachomaanisha ni kuwa kwanza unapata virus, anafanya mambo yake, unapata upungufu wa kinga, then unapata magonjwa yanayopelekea tuseme una AIDS (HIV AIDS).ndio maana kuna staging ya HIV AIDS. Ni kweli upungufu wa kinga unasababishwa na sababu mbali mbali, Lakini je fanya comparison ni watu wangapi wenye upungufu wa kinga mwilini pamoja na magonjwa yatokanayo na upungufu wa kinga mwilini,, Bila HIV mwilini,, compare na wale wenye upungufu wa kinga mwilini na magonjwa yake yatokanayo, Lakini pia wako positive for HIV(kirusi), wapi ni wengi? Just compare the statistics na uje na jibu. Ndio maana hapa nasisitiza kuwa tufocus kwenye HIV-AIDS, kwingineko tunatoka nje ya mada. Compare statistics tu utakaa sawa, maana base ya science ni research and statistics.

Pia, ishu ya scientific credibility and acceptance ni valid, maana ukiangalia kwa jicho la Tatu pertition kama hii nadhani ilizuiliwa maana madhara yake yalikadiriwa. Ingerudisha nyuma mapambano ya HIV, maana the public is watching,, ingecost human life maana kuna watu wasingefuatilia matibabu hata kabla matokeo hayajatoka,, na maambukizi yangezidi. Ni strategy tu, maana yo can project the effect. Pia it was doomed to fail maana research findings hazisupport. Mbona watu wanaugua hepatitis (viral hepatitis) mpaka kufa ila hakuna community in denial juu ya hili? So WHO kama haikupitisha pertition hii ni sababu ya madhara projected (mind you, kutoa ukweli tofauti juu ya what we currently know and practice in the context of HIV AIDS has never been part of hayo madhara projected)

Mkuu hizo definition zimekuwa zikichange several times ili kucheza na mind za watu wasoijua science ili kuficha utapeli wao. Definition yao ya kwanza wame publish 1982.
Ok! Tembelea hapa; uone hii AIDS, Case Definition of - TheBody.com

Pili , Sasa huo muda unaosema ambao virus anafanya mambo yake na kushusha kinga ya mwili ndiyo umebase kwenye imagination zaidi kuliko scientific fact. Yaani miaka inavyozidi kusogea na hiyo duration time na incubation period inaongezeka pia, leo unaweza kuwa na HIV na ukaishi miaka 30 mbele. Huu ni ulaghai na ku buy time tu, nothing more.

Wewe ni medical expert, kipindi ambacho virus anahitaji kujidurufu na kufanya infection huwa akizidi mwezi, why mtu awe infected 1990 aje kuugua Ukimwi mwaka 2015?

Kama HIV ingekuwa ina play role kusababisha ukimwi ilipaswa dalili za ugonjwa zianze kuonekana ndani ya siku kadhaa, juma au kipindi kisichozidi mwezi. Na hiyo ndiyo fact ya kisayansi ambayo imekuwepo kwa karne na karne, sasa why hii fact ipinduliwe juu chini kwenye ugonjwa wa ukimwi au ndiyo Advanced Science hiyo unayosema?



Tatu, naona unaenda kwenye imagination zaidi kuliko scientific fact, wewe unaangalia uhusuano (correlation ) kati ya HIV na wagonjwa wa ukimwi, uhusiano (correlation) hauwezi kuwa kithibitisho cha usababisho (causation).

Kuwepo kwa HIV kwa waathirika wa UKIMWI si uthibitisho tena kuwa HIV ni sababu ya UKIMWI. Kuna scientific paper nyingi zimeandikwa, hakuna hata scientific document ambayo inathibitisha kwamba HIV is the cause of AIDS na jinsi gani inabreak down mfumo mzima wa kinga ya binadamu . Hakuna document kama hiyo.

Hivyo mahusiano kati ya HIV na AIDS hayako proved scientifically. Na ndiyo maana wakina Peter Duesberg waliomba independent group of researchers kuprove hiyo hypothesis ila walikataliwa bila kuwa na sababu za msingi.

Sasa swali linakuja hawa ambao hawana HIV na lakini wana dalili za ugonjwa wa UKIMWI , ukimwi kwao umesababishwa na kitu gani?? Hapa ndiyo tunapoona tofauti ya UKIMWI kati ya AFRIKA na nchi za magharibi.

Ukimwi hausabishwi na kirusi na wala hauambukizwi na ndiyo maana hata statistics za huu ugonjwa ziko tofauti sana kati ya Afrika na nchi zilizoendelea.
Ugonjwa ambao unasabishwa na virus na ambao hunaambukizwa huwa unasaamba kwa kiwango kinachowiana duniani kote kuanzia katika upande wa kijiografia mpaka jinsia. But UKIMWI haupo hivyo kwenye hii dunia. Na ndiyo maana kuna waafrika wanaamini wazungu wameleta UKIMWI kuwaangamiza watu weusi, kwasababu huu ugonjwa unawaangamiza waafrika kuliko watu wa bara lolote kwenye hii dunia.

Mwisho, Kwahiyo ukweli usingumzwe kwasababu ya kurudisha mapambano ya HIV nyuma?
Ni watu wangapi wemepoteza maisha kwasababu ya Misdiagnosis? Watu hawawezi kukaa kimya dhidi huu uhalifu….haya ni mauaji ya kukusudia.

 

[yankee]

sipo kwa ajili ya kupambana.somaarticle niliyokutumia hapoo juu. utaelewa ninachokisema ni nini. unatakiwa kuelewa hili. pia naomba uache kudanganya watuuuuLaboratory DiagnosisEvidence of infection by HIV can be detected in three ways: (1) virus isolation, (2) serologic determination of antiviral antibodies, and (3) measurement of viral nucleic acid or antigens.Virus IsolationHIV can be cultured from lymphocytes in peripheral blood (and occasionally from specimens from other sites). The numbers of circulating infected cells vary with the stage of disease (Figure 44–5). Higher titers of virus are found in the plasma and in peripheral blood cells of patients with AIDS as compared with asymptomatic individuals. The magnitude of plasma viremia appears to be a better correlate of the clinical stage of HIV infection than the presence of any antibodies (Figure 44–7). The most sensitive virus isolation technique is to cocultivate the test sample with uninfected, mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Primary isolates of HIV grow very slowly compared with laboratory-adapted strains. Viral growth is detected by testing culture supernatant fluids after about 7–14 days for viral reverse transcriptase activity or for virus-specific antigens (p24).Figure 44–7. Pattern of HIV antibody responses related to the course of HIV infection. (PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes.)(Reproduced, with permission, from Weiss RA: How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273.) The vast majority of HIV-1 antibody-positive persons will have virus that can be cultured from their blood cells. However, virus isolation techniques are time-consuming and laborious and are limited to research studies. PCR amplification techniques are more commonly used for detection of virus in clinical specimens.SerologyTest kits are commercially available for measuring antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). If properly performed, these tests have a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 98%. When EIA-based antibody tests are used for screening populations with a low prevalence of HIV infections (eg, blood donors), a positive test in a serum sample must be confirmed by a repeat test. If the repeat EIA test is reactive, a confirmation test is performed to rule out false-positive EIA results. The most widely used confirmation assay is the Western blot technique, in which antibodies to HIV proteins of specific molecular weights can be detected. Antibodies to viral core protein p24 or envelope glycoproteins gp41, gp120, or gp160 are most commonly detected.The response pattern against specific viral antigens changes over time as patients progress to AIDS. Antibodies to the envelope glycoproteins (gp41, gp120, gp160) are maintained, but those directed against the Gag proteins (p17, p24, p55) decline. The decline of anti-p24 may herald the beginning of clinical signs and other immunologic markers of progression (Figure 44–7).Simple, rapid tests for detecting HIV antibodies are available for use in laboratories ill-equipped to perform EIA tests and in settings where test results are desired with little delay. The simple tests can be performed on blood or oral fluid and are based on principles such as particle agglutination or immunodot reactions. The most recent developments are rapid tests that can detect HIV antibodies in whole blood specimens that require no processing. These tests can be performed outside the traditional laboratory setting.Home testing kits are available. The procedure involves placing drops of blood from a finger prick on a specially treated card. The card is then mailed to a licensed laboratory for testing.The mean time to seroconversion after HIV infection is 3–4 weeks. Most individuals will have detectable antibodies within 6–12 weeks after infection, whereas virtually all will be positive within 6 months. HIV infection for longer than 6 months without a detectable antibody response is very uncommon.Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid or AntigensAmplification assays such as the RT-PCR, DNA PCR, and bDNA tests are commonly used to detect viral RNA in clinical specimens. The RT-PCR assay uses an enzymatic method to amplify HIV RNA; the bDNA assay amplifies viral RNA by sequential oligonucleotide hybridization steps. The tests can be quantitative when reference standards are used; appropriate positive and negative controls must be included with each test. These molecular-based tests are very sensitive and form the basis for plasma viral load determinations. HIV sequence heterogeneity may limit the sensitivity of these assays to detect HIV infections. The HIV RNA levels are important predictive markers of disease progression and valuable tools with which to monitor the effectiveness of antiviral therapies.Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers can be accomplished using plasma HIV-1 RNA tests. The presence of maternal antibodies makes serologic tests uninformative.Low levels of circulating HIV-1 p24 antigen can be detected in the plasma by EIA soon after infection. The antigen often becomes undetectable after antibodies develop (because the p24 protein is complexed with p24 antibodies) but may reappear late in the course of infection, indicating a poor prognosis.Laboratory DiagnosisEvidence of infection by HIV can be detected in three ways: (1) virus isolation, (2) serologic determination of antiviral antibodies, and (3) measurement of viral nucleic acid or antigens.Virus IsolationHIV can be cultured from lymphocytes in peripheral blood (and occasionally from specimens from other sites). The numbers of circulating infected cells vary with the stage of disease (Figure 44–5). Higher titers of virus are found in the plasma and in peripheral blood cells of patients with AIDS as compared with asymptomatic individuals. The magnitude of plasma viremia appears to be a better correlate of the clinical stage of HIV infection than the presence of any antibodies (Figure 44–7). The most sensitive virus isolation technique is to cocultivate the test sample with uninfected, mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Primary isolates of HIV grow very slowly compared with laboratory-adapted strains. Viral growth is detected by testing culture supernatant fluids after about 7–14 days for viral reverse transcriptase activity or for virus-specific antigens (p24).Figure 44–7. Pattern of HIV antibody responses related to the course of HIV infection. (PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes.)(Reproduced, with permission, from Weiss RA: How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273.) The vast majority of HIV-1 antibody-positive persons will have virus that can be cultured from their blood cells. However, virus isolation techniques are time-consuming and laborious and are limited to research studies. PCR amplification techniques are more commonly used for detection of virus in clinical specimens.SerologyTest kits are commercially available for measuring antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). If properly performed, these tests have a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 98%. When EIA-based antibody tests are used for screening populations with a low prevalence of HIV infections (eg, blood donors), a positive test in a serum sample must be confirmed by a repeat test. If the repeat EIA test is reactive, a confirmation test is performed to rule out false-positive EIA results. The most widely used confirmation assay is the Western blot technique, in which antibodies to HIV proteins of specific molecular weights can be detected. Antibodies to viral core protein p24 or envelope glycoproteins gp41, gp120, or gp160 are most commonly detected.The response pattern against specific viral antigens changes over time as patients progress to AIDS. Antibodies to the envelope glycoproteins (gp41, gp120, gp160) are maintained, but those directed against the Gag proteins (p17, p24, p55) decline. The decline of anti-p24 may herald the beginning of clinical signs and other immunologic markers of progression (Figure 44–7).Simple, rapid tests for detecting HIV antibodies are available for use in laboratories ill-equipped to perform EIA tests and in settings where test results are desired with little delay. The simple tests can be performed on blood or oral fluid and are based on principles such as particle agglutination or immunodot reactions. The most recent developments are rapid tests that can detect HIV antibodies in whole blood specimens that require no processing. These tests can be performed outside the traditional laboratory setting.Home testing kits are available. The procedure involves placing drops of blood from a finger prick on a specially treated card. The card is then mailed to a licensed laboratory for testing.The mean time to seroconversion after HIV infection is 3–4 weeks. Most individuals will have detectable antibodies within 6–12 weeks after infection, whereas virtually all will be positive within 6 months. HIV infection for longer than 6 months without a detectable antibody response is very uncommon.Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid or AntigensAmplification assays such as the RT-PCR, DNA PCR, and bDNA tests are commonly used to detect viral RNA in clinical specimens. The RT-PCR assay uses an enzymatic method to amplify HIV RNA; the bDNA assay amplifies viral RNA by sequential oligonucleotide hybridization steps. The tests can be quantitative when reference standards are used; appropriate positive and negative controls must be included with each test. These molecular-based tests are very sensitive and form the basis for plasma viral load determinations. HIV sequence heterogeneity may limit the sensitivity of these assays to detect HIV infections. The HIV RNA levels are important predictive markers of disease progression and valuable tools with which to monitor the effectiveness of antiviral therapies.Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers can be accomplished using plasma HIV-1 RNA tests. The presence of maternal antibodies makes serologic tests uninformative.Low levels of circulating HIV-1 p24 antigen can be detected in the plasma by EIA soon after infection. The antigen often becomes undetectable after antibodies develop (because the p24 protein is complexed with p24 antibodies) but may reappear late in the course of infection, indicating a poor prognosis.

Wewe huna sifa ya kuwa mwalimu inakuaje unashindwa kutumia akili yako badala yake una copy na kupast tumia ubongo wako kutetea hoja yako kwa lugha ya kiswahili sio wote wanaojua kingereza na pia wanahitaji faida

 

[mzee wa kigonzile]

Kama huna ujuzi na udaktari basi acha kubeza kazi za watu. Nawashauri madaktari msipoteze muda huyu hoax anayejiita deception . Umaarufu au hela hazitafutwi kwa kucheza na uhai wa watu . Mtu anakwambia yuko labaratory wewe unakesha google na youtube ili ubishe . Kama kweli una ujuzi huo nenda muhimbili hospital , amana , au mwananyamala kaaidiane na madokta kuokoa wagonjwa wa ukimwi wanaokufa kila siku .una tofauti gani na babu wa loliondo aliyesema ana dawa ya ukimwi na kuwaita watu waende loliondo baadala ya kuwafuaa hospital . Unaponda tiba za magharibi halafu unakesha huko huko kunukuu tafiti zao . Hulazimishwi kuikubali elimu ya magharibi haya lete ya huko mashariki au yako ya africa itumike kuokoa watu. Au fungua clinic yako jitangaze kama unaisaidia kutibu ukimwi as ulivyosema huhitaji hela ......... Unalazimisha upate deal hadi kudanganya watu umejichoma sindano ya ukimwi ili watu wakuamini . Duh wewe mtu hatari sana . Nashauri huyu mtu akamatwe atengwe na jamii. . Atauwa sana watu walio desperate na kujipatia hela isivyo halal. Tcra wafanye kazi yao

Mkuu onesha ukomavu kifikra. Shambulia hoja, acha kushambulia mtu.

 

[pakamwam]

Wewe huna sifa ya kuwa mwalimu inakuaje unashindwa kutumia akili yako badala yake una copy na kupast tumia ubongo wako kutetea hoja yako kwa lugha ya kiswahili sio wote wanaojua kingereza na pia wanahitaji faida

ahaaa kumbe wewe ndio unaetoa sifaaa. kama ni wewe bora hata kutkuwa mwalimu kama ni standard zingine nafikiri umekurupuka. nimetoa samari nyingi sana. soma thread yote ndio unaona ulikotkea. ukurupukaji wanamna hii ndio unawafanya watu kujiunga na deci, ndio uliowafanya watu kukimbilia kwa kikombe na kuacha tiba halisi, ndiko kunakowafanya watu waamini mayai ya kware na kuacha dawa za kisukari. vijana wakurupukaji, wavivu wa kusoma na wanaojua sana kusoma mambo ya umbea baadala ya kutafuta vitabu viliko na kupata maarifa wanakwenda you tube alafu wanakuja kusumbua hapa
ndio hawa hawa vijana wanolalamika rushwa ana serikali mbaya lakini makazini ndio mabingwa wa kuchelewa na wala rushwa wazuri. soma tena nasema soma tena ana heri anayeelewa kwa kusoma kuliko anayetegemea kuambiwa na kusikiliza. mwalimu anasaidia wanafunzi kuelewa kwa kuwaongza namna ya kufanya ili waelewe.
baadala ya kusoma content ya hayo unakuja na kukosoa.
unakuja katika ya mjadala huelewi umetoka wapiii du kweli wewe ni janga
huyu mwenzako nimempa hadi namba ya simu ili niongee naye kw kujadiliana lakini yeye ameamua kuamini kuwa hakuna ukimwi
kinachonipa shida ni kitu kimoja tu, kwa nini mpaka anafikia huko, je alienda kupima akakutwa anao kwa hiyo kaamua kujitoa akilia na kutafuta vuchambuzi unaendana na mawazo yake, kaamua kuwadanganya watu ili wakimwambia wakapime akatae, jamani hutu mwogopeni kama ibilisi. maana mwisho wa siku ukweli unabaki kuwa ugonjwa huu upo na hata ukikataa huo ndio ukweli
hiyo article ni ndefu kweli lakini ni sura ya kitabu ambayo nimempe nikijua kabisa ana tabia ya kusoma maarticle marefu yanayopotosha kwa hiyo asome kitabu na afuatilie hizo references
pia na wewe usikurupuke fuatilia mjadala tokea ulipoanzia na michongo ya watu mpaka mwisho ndio uje na maneno ya kukejeli

 

[mzee wa kigonzile]

ahaaa kumbe wewe ndio unaetoa sifaaa. kama ni wewe bora hata kutkuwa mwalimu kama ni standard zingine nafikiri umekurupuka. nimetoa samari nyingi sana. soma thread yote ndio unaona ulikotkea. ukurupukaji wanamna hii ndio unawafanya watu kujiunga na deci, ndio uliowafanya watu kukimbilia kwa kikombe na kuacha tiba halisi, ndiko kunakowafanya watu waamini mayai ya kware na kuacha dawa za kisukari. vijana wakurupukaji, wavivu wa kusoma na wanaojua sana kusoma mambo ya umbea baadala ya kutafuta vitabu viliko na kupata maarifa wanakwenda you tube alafu wanakuja kusumbua hapa
ndio hawa hawa vijana wanolalamika rushwa ana serikali mbaya lakini makazini ndio mabingwa wa kuchelewa na wala rushwa wazuri. soma tena nasema soma tena ana heri anayeelewa kwa kusoma kuliko anayetegemea kuambiwa na kusikiliza. mwalimu anasaidia wanafunzi kuelewa kwa kuwaongza namna ya kufanya ili waelewe.
baadala ya kusoma content ya hayo unakuja na kukosoa.
unakuja katika ya mjadala huelewi umetoka wapiii du kweli wewe ni janga
huyu mwenzako nimempa hadi namba ya simu ili niongee naye kw kujadiliana lakini yeye ameamua kuamini kuwa hakuna ukimwi
kinachonipa shida ni kitu kimoja tu, kwa nini mpaka anafikia huko, je alienda kupima akakutwa anao kwa hiyo kaamua kujitoa akilia na kutafuta vuchambuzi unaendana na mawazo yake, kaamua kuwadanganya watu ili wakimwambia wakapime akatae, jamani hutu mwogopeni kama ibilisi. maana mwisho wa siku ukweli unabaki kuwa ugonjwa huu upo na hata ukikataa huo ndio ukweli
hiyo article ni ndefu kweli lakini ni sura ya kitabu ambayo nimempe nikijua kabisa ana tabia ya kusoma maarticle marefu yanayopotosha kwa hiyo asome kitabu na afuatilie hizo references
pia na wewe usikurupuke fuatilia mjadala tokea ulipoanzia na michongo ya watu mpaka mwisho ndio uje na maneno ya kukejeli

Mkuu mbona kama unageuza mambo, UKIMWI upo ila sababu ya UKIMWI si HIV hapo ndiyo Denialists na Defendants wa hypothesis ya HIV/AIDS wanapokinzana.

 

[kupe]

Mkuu hizo definition zimekuwa zikichange several times ili kucheza na mind za watu wasoijua science ili kuficha utapeli wao. Definition yao ya kwanza wame publish 1982.
Ok! Tembelea hapa; uone hii AIDS, Case Definition of - TheBody.com

Pili , Sasa huo muda unaosema ambao virus anafanya mambo yake na kushusha kinga ya mwili ndiyo umebase kwenye imagination zaidi kuliko scientific fact. Yaani miaka inavyozidi kusogea na hiyo duration time na incubation period inaongezeka pia, leo unaweza kuwa na HIV na ukaishi miaka 30 mbele. Huu ni ulaghai na ku buy time tu, nothing more.

Wewe ni medical expert, kipindi ambacho virus anahitaji kujidurufu na kufanya infection huwa akizidi mwezi, why mtu awe infected 1990 aje kuugua Ukimwi mwaka 2015?

Kama HIV ingekuwa ina play role kusababisha ukimwi ilipaswa dalili za ugonjwa zianze kuonekana ndani ya siku kadhaa, juma au kipindi kisichozidi mwezi. Na hiyo ndiyo fact ya kisayansi ambayo imekuwepo kwa karne na karne, sasa why hii fact ipinduliwe juu chini kwenye ugonjwa wa ukimwi au ndiyo Advanced Science hiyo unayosema?



Tatu, naona unaenda kwenye imagination zaidi kuliko scientific fact, wewe unaangalia uhusuano (correlation ) kati ya HIV na wagonjwa wa ukimwi, uhusiano (correlation) hauwezi kuwa kithibitisho cha usababisho (causation).

Kuwepo kwa HIV kwa waathirika wa UKIMWI si uthibitisho tena kuwa HIV ni sababu ya UKIMWI. Kuna scientific paper nyingi zimeandikwa, hakuna hata scientific document ambayo inathibitisha kwamba HIV is the cause of AIDS na jinsi gani inabreak down mfumo mzima wa kinga ya binadamu . Hakuna document kama hiyo.

Hivyo mahusiano kati ya HIV na AIDS hayako proved scientifically. Na ndiyo maana wakina Peter Duesberg waliomba independent group of researchers kuprove hiyo hypothesis ila walikataliwa bila kuwa na sababu za msingi.

Sasa swali linakuja hawa ambao hawana HIV na lakini wana dalili za ugonjwa wa UKIMWI , ukimwi kwao umesababishwa na kitu gani?? Hapa ndiyo tunapoona tofauti ya UKIMWI kati ya AFRIKA na nchi za magharibi.

Ukimwi hausabishwi na kirusi na wala hauambukizwi na ndiyo maana hata statistics za huu ugonjwa ziko tofauti sana kati ya Afrika na nchi zilizoendelea.
Ugonjwa ambao unasabishwa na virus na ambao hunaambukizwa huwa unasaamba kwa kiwango kinachowiana duniani kote kuanzia katika upande wa kijiografia mpaka jinsia. But UKIMWI haupo hivyo kwenye hii dunia. Na ndiyo maana kuna waafrika wanaamini wazungu wameleta UKIMWI kuwaangamiza watu weusi, kwasababu huu ugonjwa unawaangamiza waafrika kuliko watu wa bara lolote kwenye hii dunia.

Mwisho, Kwahiyo ukweli usingumzwe kwasababu ya kurudisha mapambano ya HIV nyuma?
Ni watu wangapi wemepoteza maisha kwasababu ya Misdiagnosis? Watu hawawezi kukaa kimya dhidi huu uhalifu….haya ni mauaji ya kukusudia.

Brazil , london, india, thailand, USA .........kote huko kuna ukimwi . Je huko nako ni africa. Sema ukimwi wa africa unakuwa mkali zaidi kutokana na uchumi unaochangia lishe duni

 

[kupe]

Mkuu onesha ukomavu kifikra. Shambulia hoja, acha kushambulia mtu.

Ukomavu upi au kumwambia mtu asiharibu jamii? Au kumshauri afungue clinic au akasaidiane na madaktari kuokoa watu wanaokufa na ukimwi kila siku mahospitalini

 

[kupe]

Mkuu, hawa couple walikuwa wanatoa ushuhuda kwenye vyombo vya habari juu ya UKIMWI, na kuleta matatizo hasa kwa sisi wengine ambao tunaona UKIMWI ni GDP issue ya Wamarekani kuliko kuwa ugonjwa au tatizo.
Hivyo kuhusu hitimisho la mume ilikuwa hakuna maelezo kuhusu michubuko au lah.
Lakini hihitaji kuwa mtaalam au mwanasayaansi kujua kuwa biashara in terms of dollars inayofanyika kwenye ukimwi haina uhusiano hata kidogo na madhara ambayo huo uitwao UKIMWI unasababisha kwa binadamu, nafahamu na naamini nawe unafahamu kuwa malaria ambayo tumeambiwa inauwa mtu mmoja kila baada ya sekunde 33 duniani haijawekewa investment kama ambayo kirusi wa UKIMWI kawekewa, kwa nini ?

Ukimwi upo dunia nzima ..........je malaria ipo dunia nzima? Je USA au UK au Germany kuna malaria?