Kirusi cha korona (Corona virus), ni kimelea chenye gamba na kutunza vinasaba vyake katika malighafi za RNA. Corona virus ni kisababishi cha magonjwa mbalimbali na vimelea hivyo vina makabila mbalimbali.
Fahamu kinachojiri kuhusiana na kirusi cha Corona (Coronavirus) - JamiiForums
COVID-19- COrona VIrus Disease 2019 yaani; Ugonjwa wa utokanao na virusi vya korona vilivyogunduliwa mwaka 2019.
Historia
Kirusi cha korona (corona virus) kimechukua jina lake ‘corona’ kutoka lugha ya kilatini kikimaanisha taji (crown) hii ni kutokana na muonekano wa kirusi hicho katika hadubini hufanana na taji ya mfalme.
Kirusi hicho hutoka katika kundi la vimelea vingi viletavyo homa za mfumo wa hewa mfano mafua.
Kundi hilo la kirusi cha korona lina makabila (strains) mengi ambayo mpaka sasa hayajagunduliwa yote.
Moja ya kabila limegunduliwa mnamo mwezi wa kumi na mbili mwaka 2019 mjini Wuhan, China nalo hujulikana kama 2019 – nCoV (Novel corona virus).
- Hili ni kabila hatarishi sana kati ya makabila yote ya korona yaliyogunduliwa.
- Husababisha kifo.
Ugonjwa wa Korona
Kirusi cha korona husafilishwa kutoka kwa wanyama kwenda kwa binadamu (zoonotic disease).
Baadhi ya wanyama ambao hutunza virusi vya korona na kuleta maradhi ni; Popo, Ngamia na wengine
Nani hupatwa na korona?
Watu wote (wakike kwa kiume) waweza kudhurika na korona. Wenye maradhi yanayoshusha kinga mwili huwa na hatari kubwa Zaidi.
Wazee pia wapo katika hatari kubwa kupata korona kwani wana kingamwili hafifu
Hili ni tatizo linalotishia kusambaa dunia nzima likianzia mjini Wuhan, China
Dalili za mgonjwa wa korona
Dalili zionekanazo mara kwa
mara | Dalili za mara chache |
| Homa | kuharisha |
| Kikohozi Kibichi | Kutapika |
| Uhemaji wa tabu | Kichwa Kuuma |
| Maumivu ya Mwili | Kukohoa damu |
| Kukosa hamu ya kula | Maumivu ya Kifua |
Kuuma kwa koo mfano wa
matonses (tonsillitis) | |
Dalili hatari za ugonjwa wa korona
- Homa kali ya mapafu (severe pneumonia)
- Utindio wa ubongo
- Kuhema kwa shida na kutoa mlio wa kifilimbi mithili ya mgonjwa wa pumu.
Kirusi cha korona katika mwili wa binadamu
Huchukua siku 2 mpaka 14 (wastani siku 5) kwa binadamu kuanza kuonesha dalili baada ya kuambukizwa na virusi vya korona (incubation perion)
Huambukizwa kwa njia ya matone yatokanayo kwa kukohoa au kugusana moja kwa moja.
Epuka kusalimiana kwa mikono
Wakati gani waweza kudhani ni COVID - 19
Mgonjwa mwenye dalili za homa ya mfumo wa hewa wa chini (LRTI) – tazama kipengele cha dalili na sio homa ya mfumo wa hewa wa juu (mfano: Kukohoa, pua kuwasha, chafya, koo kuuma) na endapo mgonjwa huyo ana historia za;
- Kusafiri kutokea nchi zenye uwezekano mkubwa wa maambukizi ndani ya siku 14
- Kuhudumia mgonjwa wa COVID – 19 ndani ya siku 14
Matibabu
Dawa za kufifisha makali ya virusi huenda zinaweza kusaidia, lakini bado haijathibitishwa.
- Lopinavir
- Ritonavir
- Ganciclovir
- Oseltamivir
- Remdesivir
- Interferon alpha
Maswali Muhimu Kuhusu Corona
1. Je, mgonjwa wa nje anaweza kupata tiba ya dawa za kufifisha virusi?
- Haishauliwi
- Mgonjwa aliyelazwa ndiye anaweza kupata dawa hizo.
2. Je, dawa za kuongeza kinga mwili (Ig) zinaweza kutibu?
- Hakuna shuhuda za dawa hizo kutibu.
- Dawa hizo zinaweza kusaidia tuu kwa kiasi Fulani (immunomodulator) kwenye hali ya homa kali ya mafua (severe pneumonia)
3. Je, dawa ya Chloroquine kutibu korona?
- Chloroquine husaidia kutibu homa kali ya mapafu (SARS – Co -2)
- Kwa sasa, chloroquine haisaidii katika kutokomeza ugonjwa wa korona.
4. Je, siruhusiwi kuwapa tibahewa (nebulization) wagonjwa ?
- Ndiyo, ikiwa kuna visa vya korona vilivyothibitishwa katika eneo husika haishauriwi kumpa mgonjwa tibahewa.
- Tibahewa huongeza hatari ya usambaaji wa matone yenye maambukizi kwenda mbali Zaidi.
- Dawa za kuvuta (inhaler) huweza kutumika kama m’badala wa tibahewa
5. Kipi ni bora Zaidi katika kumpa mgonjwa hewa ikiwa kuna ugonjwa wa korona?
- Mirija hewa (Oxygen prongs) ni salama Zaidi ukilinganisha na vifunika mdomo na uso (face masks)
6. Mtu niliyesafiri naye kwenye ndege amegundulika kuwa ana virusi vya Corona!
- Usihofu
- Ikiwa ulikaa naye umbali wa Zaidi ya viti viwili nusu kipenyo kutoka kwake, hatari ya maambukizo kwako ni ndogo mno.
7. Je, kuwatenga washukiwa wa korona huongeza hatari ya kuambukizana?
- Ikiwa nafasi kati ya vitanda viwili katika eneo la kuwatenga ni chini ya futi 6, hatari ya kuambukizana ni kubwa!
Kinga
- Kuosha mikono vizuri kwa maji safi na sabuni
- Tumia vikinga pua na mdomo (masks) ikiwa unahudumia washukiwa wa korona.
- Epuka kugusa na kurekebisha kikinga mdomo na pua (mask) na uso.
- Zingatia walau umbali wa futi 6 kutoka kwa mgonjwa mwenye korona
- Hakuna chanjo mpaka sasa
DONDOO ZA MUHIMU KUTOKA SHIRIKA LA AFYA DUNIANI (WHO) JUU YA UGONJWA WA CORONA
1. Lini kuvaa mask
- Kwa watu mwenye afya vaa mask endapo unamuhudumia mshukiwa wa COVID – 19
- Vaa mask kama unakohoa au kupiga chafya
- Mask husaidia tuu endapo utazingatia usafi wa mikono kwa kutumia kitakasi (alcoholbased hand rub) cha kileo au sabuni na maji.
- Uvaapo mask unatakiwa kufahamu namna ya kuitumia na kuitupa pia.
2. Je, nCOV-2019 huambukiza kwa wakubwa au wadogo
- Watu wa umri wote huweza kuambukizwa nCOV-2019
- Wazee na watu wenye maradhi (mfano: Pumu, kisukari, maradhi ya moyo) wana hatari kubwa ya kupata COVID-2019 na pengine kupoteza uhai.
- WHO inashauri watu wote kufuata kanuni za ufya na usafi wa njia ya hewa.
3. Je, mifugo ya nyumbani inaweza kusambaza Ncov-2019?
- Kwa sasa hakuna shuhuda zinazoonesha kuwa wanyama wa nyumbani (pets) mfano mbwa au paka huweza kupata kupata maambukizo ya nCOV-2019.
- Hata hivyo, inashauriwa kuosha mikono kwa maji na sabuni mara baada ya kugusana na mbwa/paka.
4. Je, chanjo ya homa ya mapafu husaidia kukinga nCOV-2019
- HAPANA! Chanjo za homa ya mapafu, kama pneumococcal vaccine na Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) vaccine, haziwezi kukukinga dhidi ya nCOV-2019.
- Japo chanjo hizi hazisaidii kukinga Ncov-2019, chanjo hizi ni za muhimu na zinashauriwa ili kulinda afya yako.
5. Je, dawa za kuua vimelea (antibiotics) husaidia kukinga nCOV-2019?
- HAPANA! Viua vimelea haziuwi virusi, huua bakteria tuu.
- nCOV-2019 ni kirusi pia, hivyo viua vimelea (antibiotics) zisitumike katika kutibu au kukinga.
- Japo, kwa mgonjwa aliyelazwa kwa COVID- 2019, mgonjwa anaweza kupewa dawa hizo kwani bakteria pia wanaweza kushambulia mwili.
6. Je, kusuuza pua kwa maji ya chumvi husaidia kukinga maradhi ya COVID-2019?
- HAPANA! Hakuna shuhuda zioneshazo kuwa kusuuza pua mara kwa mara kwa maji ya chumvi hukinga maambukizi ya nCOV-2019.
- kuna baadhi ya shuhuda zioneshazo kuwa kusuuza pua mara kwa mara kwa maji ya chumvi husaidia mtu kupona mafua ya kawaida tuu.
- Lakini tiba hii haiwezi kutibu maradhi ya mfumo wa hewa.
7. Je, vipimajoto husaidia kwa kiasi gani katika kutambua maambukizi ya nCOV-2019?
- Vipima joto husaidia kugundua kuongezeka kwa joto mwilini kwa watu wenye homa kutokana na maambukizi ya nCOV-2019.
- Vifaa hivi haviwezi kutambua maambukizi kwa mtu ambaye ameambukizwa virusi na hajaanza kupata dalili.
- Hii ni kwasababu huchukua siku 2 hadi 10 mpaka mtu aliyeambukizwa apate homa.
8. Je, kula vitunguu saumu husaidia kukinga maradhi ya nCOV-2019?
- Vitunguu saumu ni vyakula vya afya ambavyo huenda zina baadhi ya nguvu za kuua bakteria.
- Hata hivyo, hakuna shuhuda mpaka sasa zioneshazo kuwa kutafuna kitunguu saumu hukinga maradhi ya COVID-2019.
9. Je, miale ya mwanga wa taa za ultraviolet huweza kuua nCOV-2019?
- Miale ya taa za ultraviolet (UV) isitumike kutakasa mikono au sehemu zingine za ngozi, kwani miale hiyo huweza kuleta madhara katika ngozi
10. Je, vikausha mikono (hand dryers) husaidia kuua nCOV-2019?
- HAPANA! Vikausha mikono vya umeme haviwezi kuua nCOV-2019.
- Kujikinga na maambukizi unatakiwa usafishe mikono yako kwa kileo (alcohol-based hand rub) au osha mikono kwa maji safi na sabuni. Ukishaosha mikono yako ikaushe kwa kitambaa safi au vikausha mikono vya umeme.
11. Hali ya hewa baridi na barafu HAYAWEZI kuua nCOV-2019.
- Hakuna sababu ya kuamini kuwa hali ya hewa baridi huweza kuua mashambulio haya.
- Joto la kawaida la binadamu hubaki kati ya 36.50 na 370, hii haijalishi hali ya hewa ya nje ya mwili iko kwa kiasi gani.
- Njia ya kuaminika kuweza kujikinga na vimelea hivi ni kusafisha mikono yako mara kwa mara kwa kileo (alcohol-based handrubs) au maji na sabuni
12. nCOV-2019 haiwezi kuambukizwa kwa njia ya kung’atwa na mbu.
- Mpaka sasa haijathibitika kuwa mbu huweza kusafirisha nCOV-2019 kutoka kwa wanyama kwenda kwa binadamu.
- COVID-2019 ni kirusi kipya kinachovamia njia ya hewa ambavyo husafirishwa kwa njia ya matone (droplets) yazalishwayo pindi mgonjwa anpokohoa au kupiga chafya, au mate au makamasi.
- Unashauriwa ufuate kanuni za afya za kunawa mikono pia kuepuka kugusana na mtu anayekohoa au kupiga chafya.
13. Kuoga maji ya moto hakuwezi kukukinga kupata nCOV-2019
- Joto la mwili huwa ni 36.50C na 370C, haijalishi umezungukwa kwa joto la kiasi gani. Kuoga maji ya moto kupita kiasi kutakusababishia kuunguza ngozi yako tuu.
- Kujikinga na maambukizi fuata kanuni za usafi wa mikono. Hii husaidia kuua virusi ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika mikono yako.
- Epuka maambukizi yanayoweza kukupata kwa kugusagusa pua zako, mdomo na pua.
14. Virusi vya korona haviwezi kuambukizwa kutoka bidhaa zinazozalishwa China au nchi yoyote iliyothibitika kuwa na mashambulio ya nCOV-2019.
- Hata kama kirusi cha korona huweza kukaa kwa masaa au siku kadhaa (hutegemea na aina ya uso wa kitu), hakuna uwezekano kuwa kirusi cha korona kuendelea kuwepo katika uso wa kitu baada ya kuondoshwa, kusafirishwa na kupitia katika hali za hewa tofauti na joto tofauti.
- Kama unadhani uso wa kifaawaweza kuwa na vimelea, basi safisha uso huo kwa kutumia kiua wadudu.
- Baada ya kukigusa kifaa hicho safisha mikono yako.
15. Je, kujipulizia kileo (alcohol) au kemikali za klorini mwili mzima kwaweza kuua Ncov-2019?
- HAPANA! Kujipulizia kileo au kiua wadaudu hakuwezi kuua virusi vilivyo kushambulia.
- Kujipulizia vitu hivyo huweza kuwa hatari kwa nguo au sehemu laini za ngozi (macho, mdomo).
- Kuwa mwangalifu, kileo na kiua wadudu cha klorini huweza kuua wadudu walio katika nyuso za juu, lakini zinatakiwa kutumika kwa maagizo sahihi.
DONDOO ZA MUHIMU KUTOKA SHIRIKA LA KIMATAIFA LA MFUKO WA WATOTO (UNICEF) JUU YA UGONJWA WA KORONA
- Kirusi cha korona ni kikubwa, kina ukubwa wa kipenyo cha maikro 400 – 500. Kwa sababu hii, mask yoyote ile huweza kuzuia kirusi hicho kisipenye.
- Kirusi cha korona kikianguka katika uso wa chuma, huweza kuishi kwa masaa 12, hivyo ni lazima kusafisha mikono kwa sabuni na maji safi.
- Ikiwa kirusi cha korona kikianguka katika uso wa pamba au nguo (fabric surface) hubaki hapo hai kwa masaa 9, hivyo yakupasa kusafisha nguo safi au anika juani kwa masaa mawili ili uweze kuviua au kuviondosha
- Ikiwa kirusi kitakutana na joto kati ya 226 – 270C, hufa, kwani kirusi hicho hakiwezi kuishi katika mazingira ya joto.
- Hivyo kuepuka vyakula vya baridi na ice-cream au kuishi mazingira ya joto husaidia kupunguza kasi ya maambukizi ya korona.
- Kirusi cha korona huishi kwenye mikono kwa takribani dakika 10, hivyo kuwa na kitakasishi cha kileo (alcohol sterilizer) mfukoni husaidia kukinga maambukizi ya korona.
- Kirusi cha korona hakibaki hewani, kirusi hiki hutua chini, hivyo ni vigumu kuambukizwa kwa njia ya hewa.
IMEANDALIWA NA
Eusebius Joseph Mikongoti, M.D.
Medical Officer The Aga Khan Polyclinic - Iringa
Habari yako nzuri lakini hapa
(Ugonjwa wa Korona
Kirusi cha korona husafilishwa kutoka kwa wanyama kwenda kwa binadamu (zoonotic disease). Hiyo habari sio ya ukweli kwani wana sayansi wa Australia Wamekataa kuwa Kirusi cha CornVirus hakisababishwa na mdudu popo au kusambazwa na wanyama hiyo habari sio ya ukweli.
Bats are not to blame for coronavirus. Humans are
(CNN)Reclusive, nocturnal, numerous -- bats are a possible source of the
coronavirus. Yet some scientists concur they are not to blame for the transfer of the disease that's changing
daily life -- humans are.
Zoologists and disease experts have told CNN that changes to human behavior -- the destruction of natural habitats, coupled with the huge number of fast-moving people now on Earth -- has enabled
diseases that were once locked away in nature to cross into people fast.
Scientists are still unsure where the virus originated, and will only be able to prove its source if they isolate a live virus in a suspected species -- a hard task.
But viruses that are extremely similar to the one that causes Covid-19 have been seen in Chinese horseshoe bats. That has led to urgent questions as to how the disease moved from bat communities -- often untouched by humans -- to spread across Earth. The answers suggest the need for a complete rethink of how we treat the planet.
Bats are a possible source of the coronavirus, but some scientists say humans are to blame for the spread of the disease.
Bats are the only mammal that can fly, allowing them to spread in large numbers from one community over a wide area, scientists say. This means they can harbor a large number of pathogens, or diseases. Flying also requires a tremendous amount of activity for bats, which has caused their immune systems to become very specialized.
"When they fly they have a peak body temperature that mimics a fever," said Andrew Cunningham, Professor of Wildlife Epidemiology at the Zoological Society of London. "It happens at least twice a day with bats -- when they fly out to feed and then they return to roost. And so the pathogens that have evolved in bats have evolved to withstand these peaks of body temperature."
Cunningham said this poses a potential problem when these diseases cross into another species. In humans, for example, a fever is a defense mechanism designed to raise the body temperature to kill a virus. A virus that has evolved in a bat will probably not be affected by a higher body temperature, he warned.
But why does the disease transfer in the first place? That answer seems simpler, says Cunningham, and it involves an alien phrase that we will have to get used to, as it is one that has changed our lives -- "zoonotic spillover" or transfer.
"The underlying causes of zoonotic spillover from bats or from other wild species have almost always -- always -- been shown to be human behavior," said Cunningham. "Human activities are causing this."
When a bat is stressed -- by being hunted, or having its habitat damaged by deforestation -- its immune system is challenged and finds it harder to cope with pathogens it otherwise took in its stride. "We believe that the impact of stress on bats would be very much as it would be on people," said Cunningham.
"It would allow infections to increase and to be excreted -- to be shed. You can think of it like if people are stressed and have the cold sore virus, they will get a cold sore. That is the virus being 'expressed.' This can happen in bats too."
Pathogens that have evolved in bats can withstand a high body temperature, so a human fever will not work as a defense mechanism.
In the likely epicenter of the virus -- the so-called wet-markets of Wuhan, China -- where wild animals are held captive together and sold as delicacies or pets, a terrifying mix of viruses and species can occur.
"If they are being shipped or held in markets, in close proximity to other animals or humans," said Cunningham, "then there is a chance those viruses are being shed in large numbers." He said the other animals in a market like that are also more vulnerable to infection as they too are stressed.
"We are increasing transport of animals -- for medicine, for pets, for food -- at a scale that we have never done before," said Kate Jones, Chair of Ecology and Biodiversity at University College London.
"We are also destroying their habitats into landscapes that are more human-dominated. Animals are mixing in weird ways that have never happened before. So in a wet market, you are going to have a load of animals in cages on top of each
other."
Kate Jones, Chair of Ecology and Biodiversity at University College London, said increasing transport of animals and habitat destruction meant animals were mixing in ways they never had before.
Cunningham and Jones both pointed to one factor that means rare instances of zoonotic spillover can turn into global problems in weeks. "Spillovers from wild animals will have occurred historically, but the person who would have been infected would probably have died or recovered before coming into contact with a large number of other people in a town or in a city," said Cunningham.
"These days with motorized transport and planes you can be in a forest in central Africa one day, and in a city like central London the next."
Jones agreed. "Any spillover you might have had before is magnified by the fact there is so many of us, and we are so well connected."
There are two simple lessons, they say, that humanity can learn, and must learn fast.
First, bats are not to blame, and might actually help provide the solution. "It's easy to point the finger at the host species," said Cunningham.
"But actually it's the way we interact with them that has led to the pandemic spread of the pathogen." He added that their immune systems are poorly understood and may provide important clues. "Understanding how bats cope with these pathogens can teach us how to deal with them, if they spillover to people."
The cause of "zoonotic spillover," or transfer from bats or other wild species, is almost always human behavior, says Professor Andrew Cunningham from the Zoological Society of London.
Ultimately diseases like coronavirus could be here to stay, as humanity grows and spreads into places where it's previously had no business. Cunningham and Jones agree this will make changing human behavior an easier fix than developing a vastly expensive vaccine for each new virus.
The coronavirus is perhaps humanity's first clear, indisputable sign that environmental damage can kill humans fast too. And it can also happen again, for the same reasons.
"There are tens of thousands [of viruses] waiting to be discovered," Cunningham said. "What we really need to do is understand where the critical control points are for zoonotic spillover from wildlife are, and to stop it happening at those places. That will be the most cost-effective way to protect humans."
Jones said viruses "are on the rise more because there are so many of us and we are so connected. The chance of more [spillovers into humans] happening is higher because we are degrading these landscapes. Destroying habitats is the cause, so restoring habitats is a solution."
The ultimate lesson is that damage to the planet can also damage people more quickly and severely than the generational, gradual shifts of climate change.
"It's not OK to transform a forest into agriculture without understanding the impact that has on climate, carbon storage, disease emergence and flood risk," said Jones. "You can't do those things in isolation without thinking about what that does to humans."
Bats are not to blame for coronavirus. Humans are