Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #81
Nadhani utakua unamaanisha UNALIMA MKOA GANI!!
Kwa sasa niko arusha ambapo nimeanza project ya kilimo cha mboga mboga kwa kutumia mifereji!!
Special thread: Kilimo cha umwagiliaji (Irrigation)
Special thread: Kilimo cha umwagiliaji (Irrigation)
- Thread starter Upepo wa Pesa
- Start date
Kwa sasa niko arusha ambapo nimeanza project ya kilimo cha mboga mboga kwa kutumia mifereji!!
Demi
JF-Expert Member
- Nov 22, 2016
- 40,466
- 88,695
Arusha sehemu gani mkuu? Je ni shamba binafsi au la kukodi?
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #83
Ni ya kukodi mkuu!! Ni sehem ambayo wanalima sana mboga mboga hasa kabeji na chainiz na mahindi ya kuchoma!
Demi
JF-Expert Member
- Nov 22, 2016
- 40,466
- 88,695
Nahitaji shamba la kukodi. Naomba nifahamu ni eneo gani na bei ya kukodi ni kiasi gani ili nijiandae ikibidi nikajionee mwenyewe!
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #85
Ukifika arusha baada ya chuo cha arusha shukia sehem inaitwa sadeki kama sijakosea...ukishukia hapo utaona mashamba live kabisa!! Shida ya huko bei yao iko juu...sisi tulikodi nusu kwa 200k hivi!! Japo kuna sehem nyingne wanakod kwa bei nafuu kama kahe..nadhan hata moro pia maeneo pia ni mafuu!
Demi
JF-Expert Member
- Nov 22, 2016
- 40,466
- 88,695
Asante sana!
Mkuu nidadafulie gharama halisi za kuanzisha kilimo cha umwagiliaji, kwa kutumia njia ya kurusha maji, umbali toka chanzo cha maji ni mita 200, shamba lina ukubwa wa ekari 4, nalima mahindi.
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #88
Mkuu hili eneo liko maeneo gani/mkoa gani? Vipi udongo wake ni mfinyanzi au kichanga?
Je una pump? Ni ya uwezo au HP ngapi? Eneo chanzo cha maji kilipo ni kwenye bonde au tambarare?
Udongo wa tifu tifu, chanzo cha maji ni mto upo bondeni, sina pumb ndio naanza.
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #90
Shamba liko sehemu gani...i mean mkoa?!
1. Ahsante Upepo wa Pesa kunikumbusha maeneo ya nyumbani: Kahe, Mawala, TPC, n.... Na kuwa chachu ya mjadala huu.
2. Pembejeo za Kilimo zinalangilishwa kwa bei kubwa sana. Mbaya zaidi, tuliopo pembezoni mwa nchi tena mbali na DSM, ndio fursa inapungua zaidi. Inafikia kutamani kuhama ila inashindikana.
3. Kuna haja ya kuwa na NANE NANE website au app ili kuwaunganisha wadau wote wa kilimo kwa muda wowote watakao. Hii ni fursa kwa web and app developers. Nilidhani Kupatana wangetimiza haja, ila wao wamefanya gulio mchanganyiko.
4. Kinachongarimu zaidi ya mtaji, ni udini wa one stop network, na wajasiriamali wa Bongo kufanya biashata kwa kuviziana sana na kuwavizia Wateja ili wawashikishe, na si Wateja wanunue.
2. Pembejeo za Kilimo zinalangilishwa kwa bei kubwa sana. Mbaya zaidi, tuliopo pembezoni mwa nchi tena mbali na DSM, ndio fursa inapungua zaidi. Inafikia kutamani kuhama ila inashindikana.
3. Kuna haja ya kuwa na NANE NANE website au app ili kuwaunganisha wadau wote wa kilimo kwa muda wowote watakao. Hii ni fursa kwa web and app developers. Nilidhani Kupatana wangetimiza haja, ila wao wamefanya gulio mchanganyiko.
4. Kinachongarimu zaidi ya mtaji, ni udini wa one stop network, na wajasiriamali wa Bongo kufanya biashata kwa kuviziana sana na kuwavizia Wateja ili wawashikishe, na si Wateja wanunue.
1. Kama gharama za Kisima, pump, drip line accessories, mbolea, dawa ...vingekuwa affordable uhaba wa chakula ungesikika kwenye media.
2. Naona mchango mdogo toka SUA, ....kwenye kuboresha kilimo. Hizi taasisi zipo localised mno na eneo. Si vyema maembe toka South Sudan, parachichi toka Burundi,.... kuuzwa DSM kwa gharama nafuu, tena kwa uhakika kuliko toka huku TZ.
3. Wataalamu na wazoefu saidieni wahitaji, na mcjango wenu utabaki milele. Kila kitu ni siasa na porojo haya taifa kikosa mwelekeo.
2. Naona mchango mdogo toka SUA, ....kwenye kuboresha kilimo. Hizi taasisi zipo localised mno na eneo. Si vyema maembe toka South Sudan, parachichi toka Burundi,.... kuuzwa DSM kwa gharama nafuu, tena kwa uhakika kuliko toka huku TZ.
3. Wataalamu na wazoefu saidieni wahitaji, na mcjango wenu utabaki milele. Kila kitu ni siasa na porojo haya taifa kikosa mwelekeo.
Kutoka FAO CHAPTER 7. CHOOSING AN IRRIGATION METHOD
CHAPTER 7. CHOOSING AN IRRIGATION METHOD
7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation
7.2 Basin, Furrow or Border Irrigation
To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. He or she must know which method suits the local conditions best. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Testing of the various methods - under the prevailing local conditions - provides the best basis for a sound choice of irrigation method. This chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates several important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method.
7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation
The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors:
- natural conditions
- type of crop
- type of technology
- previous experience with irrigation
- required labour inputs
- costs and benefits.
NATURAL CONDITIONS
The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the following impact on the choice of an irrigation method:
Soil type:
Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate. They therefore need frequent but small irrigation applications, in particular when the sandy soil is also shallow. Under these circumstances, sprinkler or drip irrigation are more suitable than surface irrigation. On loam or clay soils all three irrigation methods can be used, but surface irrigation is more commonly found. Clay soils with low infiltration rates are ideally suited to surface irrigation.
When a variety of different soil types is found within one irrigation scheme, sprinkler or drip irrigation are recommended as they will ensure a more even water distribution.
Slope:
Sprinkler or drip irrigation are preferred above surface irrigation on steeper or unevenly sloping lands as they require little or no land levelling. An exception is rice grown on terraces on sloping lands.
Climate:
Strong wind can disturb the spraying of water from sprinklers. Under very windy conditions, drip or surface irrigation methods are preferred. In areas of supplementary irrigation, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable than surface irrigation because of their flexibility and adaptability to varying irrigation demands on the farm.
Water availability:
Water application efficiency (see Annex 4, step 8) is generally higher with sprinkler and drip irrigation than surface irrigation and so these methods are preferred when water is in short supply. However, it must be remembered that efficiency is just as much a function of the irrigator as the method used.
Water quality:
Surface irrigation is preferred if the irrigation water contains much sediment. The sediments may clog the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems.
If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods.
Sprinkler systems are more efficient that surface irrigation methods in leaching out salts.
TYPE OF CROP
Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops.
Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane. It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. rice).
TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY
The type of technology affects the choice of irrigation method. In general, drip and sprinkler irrigation are technically more complicated methods. The purchase of equipment requires high capital investment per hectare. To maintain the equipment a high level of 'know-how' has to be available,. Also, a regular supply of fuel and spare part must be maintained which - together with the purchase of equipment - may require foreign currency.
Surface irrigation systems - in particular small-scale schemes - usually require less sophisticated equipment for both construction and maintenance (unless pumps are used). The equipment needed is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the availability of foreign currency.
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE WITH IRRIGATION
The choice of an irrigation method also depends on the irrigation tradition within the region or country. Introducing a previously unknown method may lead to unexpected complications. It is not certain that the farmers will accept the new method. The servicing of the equipment may be problematic and the costs may be high compared to the benefits.
Figure 65 Surface irrigation requires a high labour input
Often it will be easier to improve the traditional irrigation method than to introduce a totally new method.
REQUIRED LABOUR INPUTS
Surface irrigation often requires a much higher labour input - for construction, operation and maintenance - than sprinkler or drip irrigation (Figure 65). Surface irrigation requires accurate land levelling, regular maintenance and a high level of farmers' organization to operate the system. Sprinkler and drip irrigation require little land levelling; system operation and maintenance are less labour-intensive.
COSTS AND BENEFITS
Before choosing an irrigation method, an estimate must be made of the costs and benefits of the available options. On the cost side not only the construction and installation, but also the operation and maintenance (per hectare) should be taken into account. These costs should then be compared with the expected benefits (yields). It is obvious that farmers will only be interested in implementing a certain method if they consider this economically attractive. Cost/benefit analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this manual.
In conclusion: surface irrigation is by far the most widespread irrigation method. It is normally used when conditions are favourable: mild and regular slopes, soil type with medium to low infiltration rate, and a sufficient supply of surface or groundwater. In the case of steep or irregular slopes, soils with a very high infiltration rate or scarcity of water, sprinkler and drip irrigation may be more appropriate. When introducing sprinkler and drip irrigation it must be ensured that the equipment can be maintained.
7.2 Basin, Furrow or Border Irrigation
This section discusses some of the important factors which should be taken into account when determining which surface irrigation method is most suitable: basin, furrow or border irrigation. Again, it is not possible to give specific guidelines leading to a single best solution; each option has its advantages and disadvantages.
Factors to be taken into account include:
- natural circumstances (slope, soil type)
- type of crop
- required depth of irrigation application
- level of technology
- previous experience with irrigation
- required labour inputs.
NATURAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Flat lands, with a slope of 0.1% or less, are best suited for basin irrigation: little land levelling will be required. If the slope is more than 1%, terraces can be constructed. However, the amount of land levelling can be considerable.
Furrow irrigation can be used on flat land (short, near horizontal furrows), and on mildly sloping land with a slope of maximum 0.5%. On steeper sloping land, contour furrows can be used up to a maximum land slope of 3%. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to assist drainage.
Border irrigation can be used on sloping land up to 2% on sandy soil and 5% on clay soil. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to ensure adequate drainage.
Surface irrigation may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land levelling may be required to achieve the required land gradients.
All soil types, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of more than 30 mm/hour, can be used for surface irrigation. If the infiltration rate is higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip irrigation should be used.
TYPE Of CROP
Paddy rice is always grown in basins. Many other crops can also be grown in basins: e.g. maize, sorghum, trees, etc. Those crops that cannot stand a very wet soil for more than 12-24 hours should not be grown in basins.
Furrow irrigation is best used for irrigating row crops such as maize, vegetables and trees.
Border irrigation is particularly suitable for close growing crops such as alfalfa, but border irrigation can also be used for row crops and trees.
REQUIRED DEPTH OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION
When the irrigation schedule has been determined (see Volume 4) it is known how much water (in mm) has to be given per irrigation application. It must be checked that this amount can indeed be given, with the irrigation method under consideration.
Field experience has shown that most water can be applied per irrigation application when using basin irrigation, less with border irrigation and least with furrow irrigation. In practice, in small-scale irrigation projects, usually 40-70 mm of water are applied in basin irrigation, 30-60 mm in border irrigation and 20-50 mm in furrow irrigation. (In large-scale irrigation projects, the amounts of water applied may be much higher.)
This means that if only little water is to be applied per application, e.g. on sandy soils and a shallow rooting crop, furrow irrigation would be most appropriate. (However, none of the surface irrigation methods can be used if the sand is very coarse, i.e. if the infiltration rate is more than 30 mm/hour.)
If, on the other hand, a large amount of irrigation water is to be applied per application, e.g. on a clay soil and with a deep rooting crop, border or basin irrigation would be more appropriate.
The above considerations have been summarized in Table 5. The net irrigation application values used are only a rough guide. They result from a combination of soil type and rooting depth. For example: if the soil is sandy and the rooting depth of the crop is medium, it is estimated that the net depth of each irrigation application will be in the order of 35 mm. The last column indicates which irrigation method is most suitable. In this case medium furrows or short borders.
The sizes of the furrows, borders and basins have been discussed in the previous chapters. The approximate rooting depths of the most Important field crops are given in Volume 4.
LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY
Basin irrigation is the simplest of the surface irrigation methods. Especially if the basins are small, they can be constructed by hand or animal traction. Their operation and maintenance is simple (see Figure 66).
Furrow irrigation - with the possible exception of short, level furrows -requires accurate field grading. This is often done by machines. The maintenance - ploughing and furrowing - is also often done by machines. This requires skill, organization and frequently the use of foreign currency for fuel, equipment and spare parts.
CHAPTER 7. CHOOSING AN IRRIGATION METHOD
7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation
7.2 Basin, Furrow or Border Irrigation
To choose an irrigation method, the farmer must know the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. He or she must know which method suits the local conditions best. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no single best solution: all methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Testing of the various methods - under the prevailing local conditions - provides the best basis for a sound choice of irrigation method. This chapter gives some very broad guidance and indicates several important criteria in the selection of a suitable irrigation method.
7.1 Surface, Sprinkler or Drip Irrigation
The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors:
- natural conditions
- type of crop
- type of technology
- previous experience with irrigation
- required labour inputs
- costs and benefits.
NATURAL CONDITIONS
The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the following impact on the choice of an irrigation method:
Soil type:
Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate. They therefore need frequent but small irrigation applications, in particular when the sandy soil is also shallow. Under these circumstances, sprinkler or drip irrigation are more suitable than surface irrigation. On loam or clay soils all three irrigation methods can be used, but surface irrigation is more commonly found. Clay soils with low infiltration rates are ideally suited to surface irrigation.
When a variety of different soil types is found within one irrigation scheme, sprinkler or drip irrigation are recommended as they will ensure a more even water distribution.
Slope:
Sprinkler or drip irrigation are preferred above surface irrigation on steeper or unevenly sloping lands as they require little or no land levelling. An exception is rice grown on terraces on sloping lands.
Climate:
Strong wind can disturb the spraying of water from sprinklers. Under very windy conditions, drip or surface irrigation methods are preferred. In areas of supplementary irrigation, sprinkler or drip irrigation may be more suitable than surface irrigation because of their flexibility and adaptability to varying irrigation demands on the farm.
Water availability:
Water application efficiency (see Annex 4, step 8) is generally higher with sprinkler and drip irrigation than surface irrigation and so these methods are preferred when water is in short supply. However, it must be remembered that efficiency is just as much a function of the irrigator as the method used.
Water quality:
Surface irrigation is preferred if the irrigation water contains much sediment. The sediments may clog the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems.
If the irrigation water contains dissolved salts, drip irrigation is particularly suitable, as less water is applied to the soil than with surface methods.
Sprinkler systems are more efficient that surface irrigation methods in leaching out salts.
TYPE OF CROP
Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops.
Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane. It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. rice).
TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY
The type of technology affects the choice of irrigation method. In general, drip and sprinkler irrigation are technically more complicated methods. The purchase of equipment requires high capital investment per hectare. To maintain the equipment a high level of 'know-how' has to be available,. Also, a regular supply of fuel and spare part must be maintained which - together with the purchase of equipment - may require foreign currency.
Surface irrigation systems - in particular small-scale schemes - usually require less sophisticated equipment for both construction and maintenance (unless pumps are used). The equipment needed is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the availability of foreign currency.
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE WITH IRRIGATION
The choice of an irrigation method also depends on the irrigation tradition within the region or country. Introducing a previously unknown method may lead to unexpected complications. It is not certain that the farmers will accept the new method. The servicing of the equipment may be problematic and the costs may be high compared to the benefits.
Figure 65 Surface irrigation requires a high labour input
Often it will be easier to improve the traditional irrigation method than to introduce a totally new method.
REQUIRED LABOUR INPUTS
Surface irrigation often requires a much higher labour input - for construction, operation and maintenance - than sprinkler or drip irrigation (Figure 65). Surface irrigation requires accurate land levelling, regular maintenance and a high level of farmers' organization to operate the system. Sprinkler and drip irrigation require little land levelling; system operation and maintenance are less labour-intensive.
COSTS AND BENEFITS
Before choosing an irrigation method, an estimate must be made of the costs and benefits of the available options. On the cost side not only the construction and installation, but also the operation and maintenance (per hectare) should be taken into account. These costs should then be compared with the expected benefits (yields). It is obvious that farmers will only be interested in implementing a certain method if they consider this economically attractive. Cost/benefit analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this manual.
In conclusion: surface irrigation is by far the most widespread irrigation method. It is normally used when conditions are favourable: mild and regular slopes, soil type with medium to low infiltration rate, and a sufficient supply of surface or groundwater. In the case of steep or irregular slopes, soils with a very high infiltration rate or scarcity of water, sprinkler and drip irrigation may be more appropriate. When introducing sprinkler and drip irrigation it must be ensured that the equipment can be maintained.
7.2 Basin, Furrow or Border Irrigation
This section discusses some of the important factors which should be taken into account when determining which surface irrigation method is most suitable: basin, furrow or border irrigation. Again, it is not possible to give specific guidelines leading to a single best solution; each option has its advantages and disadvantages.
Factors to be taken into account include:
- natural circumstances (slope, soil type)
- type of crop
- required depth of irrigation application
- level of technology
- previous experience with irrigation
- required labour inputs.
NATURAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Flat lands, with a slope of 0.1% or less, are best suited for basin irrigation: little land levelling will be required. If the slope is more than 1%, terraces can be constructed. However, the amount of land levelling can be considerable.
Furrow irrigation can be used on flat land (short, near horizontal furrows), and on mildly sloping land with a slope of maximum 0.5%. On steeper sloping land, contour furrows can be used up to a maximum land slope of 3%. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to assist drainage.
Border irrigation can be used on sloping land up to 2% on sandy soil and 5% on clay soil. A minimum slope of 0.05% is recommended to ensure adequate drainage.
Surface irrigation may be difficult to use on irregular slopes as considerable land levelling may be required to achieve the required land gradients.
All soil types, except coarse sand with an infiltration rate of more than 30 mm/hour, can be used for surface irrigation. If the infiltration rate is higher than 30 mm/hour, sprinkler or drip irrigation should be used.
TYPE Of CROP
Paddy rice is always grown in basins. Many other crops can also be grown in basins: e.g. maize, sorghum, trees, etc. Those crops that cannot stand a very wet soil for more than 12-24 hours should not be grown in basins.
Furrow irrigation is best used for irrigating row crops such as maize, vegetables and trees.
Border irrigation is particularly suitable for close growing crops such as alfalfa, but border irrigation can also be used for row crops and trees.
REQUIRED DEPTH OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION
When the irrigation schedule has been determined (see Volume 4) it is known how much water (in mm) has to be given per irrigation application. It must be checked that this amount can indeed be given, with the irrigation method under consideration.
Field experience has shown that most water can be applied per irrigation application when using basin irrigation, less with border irrigation and least with furrow irrigation. In practice, in small-scale irrigation projects, usually 40-70 mm of water are applied in basin irrigation, 30-60 mm in border irrigation and 20-50 mm in furrow irrigation. (In large-scale irrigation projects, the amounts of water applied may be much higher.)
This means that if only little water is to be applied per application, e.g. on sandy soils and a shallow rooting crop, furrow irrigation would be most appropriate. (However, none of the surface irrigation methods can be used if the sand is very coarse, i.e. if the infiltration rate is more than 30 mm/hour.)
If, on the other hand, a large amount of irrigation water is to be applied per application, e.g. on a clay soil and with a deep rooting crop, border or basin irrigation would be more appropriate.
The above considerations have been summarized in Table 5. The net irrigation application values used are only a rough guide. They result from a combination of soil type and rooting depth. For example: if the soil is sandy and the rooting depth of the crop is medium, it is estimated that the net depth of each irrigation application will be in the order of 35 mm. The last column indicates which irrigation method is most suitable. In this case medium furrows or short borders.
The sizes of the furrows, borders and basins have been discussed in the previous chapters. The approximate rooting depths of the most Important field crops are given in Volume 4.
LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY
Basin irrigation is the simplest of the surface irrigation methods. Especially if the basins are small, they can be constructed by hand or animal traction. Their operation and maintenance is simple (see Figure 66).
Furrow irrigation - with the possible exception of short, level furrows -requires accurate field grading. This is often done by machines. The maintenance - ploughing and furrowing - is also often done by machines. This requires skill, organization and frequently the use of foreign currency for fuel, equipment and spare parts.
Kutoka CHAPTER 6. DRIP IRRIGATION
CHAPTER 6. DRIP IRRIGATION
6.1 When to Use Drip Irrigation
6.2 Drip System Layout
6.3 Operating Drip Systems
6.1 When to Use Drip Irrigation
6.1.1 Suitable crops
6.1.2 Suitable slopes
6.1.3 Suitable soils
6.1.4 Suitable irrigation water
Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted (Figure 60), unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very favourable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.
Figure 60 With drip irrigation, only the part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted
6.1.1 Suitable crops
Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally only high value crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.
6.1.2 Suitable slopes
Drip irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope. Normally the crop would be planted along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour also. This is done to minimize changes in emitter discharge as a result of land elevation changes.
6.1.3 Suitable soils
Drip irrigation is suitable for most soils. On clay soils water must be applied slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.
6.1.4 Suitable irrigation water
One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed.
Blockage may also occur if the water contains algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Filtration may remove some of the materials but the problem may be complex to solve and requires an experienced engineer or consultation with the equipment dealer.
Drip irrigation is particularly suitable for water of poor quality (saline water). Dripping water to individual plants also means that the method can be very efficient in water use. For this reason it is most suitable when water is scarce.
6.2 Drip System Layout
A typical drip irrigation system is shown in Figure 61 and consists of the following components:
Pump unit
Control head
Main and submain lines
Laterals
Emitters or drippers.
Figure 61 An example of a drip irrigation system layout
The pump unit takes water from the source and provides the right pressure for delivery into the pipe system.
The control head consists of valves to control the discharge and pressure In the entire system. It may also have filters to clear the water. Common types of filter include screen filters and graded sand filters which remove fine material suspended in the water. Some control head units contain a fertilizer or nutrient tank. These slowly add a measured dose of fertilizer into the water during irrigation. This is one of the major advantages of drip irrigation over other methods.
Mainlines, submains and laterals supply water from the control head into the fields. They are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation. Lateral pipes are usually 13-32 mm diameter.
Emitters or drippers are devices used to control the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1
CHAPTER 6. DRIP IRRIGATION
6.1 When to Use Drip Irrigation
6.2 Drip System Layout
6.3 Operating Drip Systems
6.1 When to Use Drip Irrigation
6.1.1 Suitable crops
6.1.2 Suitable slopes
6.1.3 Suitable soils
6.1.4 Suitable irrigation water
Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted (Figure 60), unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very favourable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.
Figure 60 With drip irrigation, only the part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted
6.1.1 Suitable crops
Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally only high value crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.
6.1.2 Suitable slopes
Drip irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope. Normally the crop would be planted along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour also. This is done to minimize changes in emitter discharge as a result of land elevation changes.
6.1.3 Suitable soils
Drip irrigation is suitable for most soils. On clay soils water must be applied slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.
6.1.4 Suitable irrigation water
One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed.
Blockage may also occur if the water contains algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Filtration may remove some of the materials but the problem may be complex to solve and requires an experienced engineer or consultation with the equipment dealer.
Drip irrigation is particularly suitable for water of poor quality (saline water). Dripping water to individual plants also means that the method can be very efficient in water use. For this reason it is most suitable when water is scarce.
6.2 Drip System Layout
A typical drip irrigation system is shown in Figure 61 and consists of the following components:
Pump unit
Control head
Main and submain lines
Laterals
Emitters or drippers.
Figure 61 An example of a drip irrigation system layout
The pump unit takes water from the source and provides the right pressure for delivery into the pipe system.
The control head consists of valves to control the discharge and pressure In the entire system. It may also have filters to clear the water. Common types of filter include screen filters and graded sand filters which remove fine material suspended in the water. Some control head units contain a fertilizer or nutrient tank. These slowly add a measured dose of fertilizer into the water during irrigation. This is one of the major advantages of drip irrigation over other methods.
Mainlines, submains and laterals supply water from the control head into the fields. They are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation. Lateral pipes are usually 13-32 mm diameter.
Emitters or drippers are devices used to control the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #96
Shukrani sana mkuu! Karibu sana!
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
- Thread starter
- #97
Shukrani sana mkuu! Nimevutiwa na point yako namba nne!! Umetoa wazo zuri sana!!
Pakua hiki kitabu. Its very good! Wabongo tusome!!!
https://www.google.com/url?q=http:/...ggWMAQ&usg=AFQjCNHroALUZKrCuZOWBi1ZpKRke38Bgg
https://www.google.com/url?q=http:/...ggWMAQ&usg=AFQjCNHroALUZKrCuZOWBi1ZpKRke38Bgg
ASHA NGEDELE
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 5, 2011
- 784
- 327
Habari mkuu..
Kwanza nashukuru sana kwa kujitolea bure kwa vijana wenzio elimu hii ya umwagiliaji ili kupata ufanisi kwenye kilimo.
Pili nashukuru kuna mdau katoa mawasiliano wa dealers wa China wanaouza driplines na solar pumps. Tunapigwa sana mjini. Binafsi nahitaji drip system kuna local dealer anataka 2mil kwa drip za 2000m.
Tatu ningependa kama kuna mdau ana mawasiliano ya dealers wa drip lines za Israel kampuni ya Netafim. Naskia system zao ni durable sana alafu hii teknolojia ya umwagiliaji imeanzia huko.
To the point, naomba nisaidie majibu ya maswali haya;
1. Shamba langu liko Mkuranga udongo wa mchanga, je kujua kiwango cha maji ntachotumia natakiwa nipige hesabu ya lita ngapi za maji kwa kila shimo kwa siku?? Assuming idadi ya shimo ni sawa na idadi ya matundu ya driplines. Nalima tikiti na spacing ni 2m kwa 60cm.
2. Kwa system hii je nkitaka kutumia mbolea ya maji au soluble fertilzers natakiwa kuwa na kifaa chochote additional au mbolea naitia kwenye tenki but hili tenki nanywea maji pia. Nina mazuri ya kisima.
3. Je maji yanafunguliwa the whole day ama kwa muda fulani tu wa siku kisha mpaka kesho yake?
Shukrani
Upepo wa Pesa
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 8, 2015
- 21,600
- 35,158
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- #100
Anyways, ninaomba nipumzike kidogo then kesho hopeful ntakujibu kwa undani hasa swali la kwanza!!
Uwe na usiku mwema mkuu na karibu sana!