Uchochezi wa Mohamed Said na dhihaka kwa Wapigania Uhuru wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar

[Nicholas]

Wewe utakua ni wale Wachaga wapiga rangi viatu mchana halafu usiku unageuka jambazi!?ahaha!!

Kiongozi wa Chadema utumbo mtupu...kichwa chako kimejaa chuki,ukabila na udini...pitia posts zako zoote humu Jf halafu uone uozo wako!ahaha!!

Cc;Ritz

Sijui unajichekesha nini sasa?Hujajiuliza chenge na kusoma kote, kasaidia watu kuiba huku akifanya kazi zote ila kwenye mgao akapewa kiasi anachoweza kiita "Vijisent" nini kilimkuta?

Nadhani unazidi thibitisha kuwa kila kitu mchaga akikichagua anafanya vyema..sijui km si kabila tuu,wala ukoo ila familia yetu km hakuna jambazi.Ila hembu watazame km wana fikra kuwa ipo siku wataacha ujambazi na kuishi decent life?Bado kuna tofauti za msingi.

 

[Son of Alaska]

sweet Ritz unajua wakati TANU inaanzishwa kulikuwa na masharti ya Quota-ikabidi Nyerere kukamilisha idadi awasajili as many people as possible ambao wengi wavuvi,wauza soko,wakaa vilingeni,na watu ambao had nothing to lose-wenye nafasi zao ,na akili zao na shule zao walikaa pembeni wakisubiri mambo yaive ndio wajitose. Sasa leo hii tunaambiwa hawa coolies nk- wawekwe mbele ya Nyerere kihistoria-wakati any knowledgeable person atakwambia Nyerere kawatumia kama stepping stone-habari ndio hiyo

 

[Son of Alaska]

Mzee wangu alikuwa mnywa kahawa tu na mkaa vibarazani.

Lakini nashukuru katuacha vizuri mijengo ya kumwaga ha haa ha, na shule katupeleka.

AU naye alishiriki kutapeli ile nyumba ya new street???????????

 

[Mohamed Said]

Ritz,
Sijawahi kusoma historia ya TANU iliyoandikwa Kivukoni. Kitabu changu cha kwanza kuhusu historia ya uhuru wa Tanganyika kilikuwa cha Judith Listowell, mwaka 1966 baada ya kitabu hicho kuchapishwa. Lakini Mohamed Said ametutaarifu hapa kuwa marehemu Klerru alipewa jukumu la kuandika historia ya TANU, sasa sina hakika kama hiyo kazi ndiyo iliyozalisha kitabu cha Kivukoni.

Jasusi,
Kuna kitu utapata hapa chini:

[TABLE="class: MsoNormalTable"]
[TR]
[TD] The first serious attempt to record the history of TANU was done by none other than Abdulwahid himself.

When TANU captured state power from the British in 1961 and was in the first phase of consolidating itself as a mass party, it is said that Abdulwahid was asked by Julius Nyerere, then Prime Minister of the country, to record the history of the struggle of the Africans of Tanganyika against the British. This, in essence, was to be the history of TANU.

To assist him in the research was the late Dr Wilbert Kleruu, recently returned from studies in the United States.
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD] Abdulwahid occupied his former office at the TANU headquarters; the one which he had occupied in the 1950s when he was TAA President. Abdulwahid's personal files, dairies and his late father's papers dating back to the days of the formation of African Association in 1929 were made available to researchers for the first time as primary sources of information.

Abdulwahid's version, analysis, presentation of facts and interpretation of forces at play which led to the rise of nationalism were, however, not acceptable to the TANU leadership.

We shall see in the following pages reasons why Abdulwahid's version of history could not be allowed to flourish.

Abdulwahid abandoned the assignment after being convinced that the new leadership in TANU was not really interested in documenting an authenticated history of Tanganyika but was interested in merely creating a personality cult for President Nyerere. Dr Kleruu went ahead with the research and completed the work.

This manuscript remains unpublished, at least in its original form. The manuscript disappeared from Party archives and was published for the first time in 1971 under a different name after changes had been done by the ‘author' on the original manuscript to prevent detection by the Party.

After the book was published, the Party silently tried to stop the second edition of the book from being published but failed.

The work has now been published several times. The approach, style and analysis of the subject is not very much different from the book on TANU published in 1981 by the Party ideological college.
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 601"] However there is an anomaly in the book which the ‘author' overlooked.

The ‘author', so to speak, writing in the first person, states that he wrote the book in 1964.

In that particular passage the ‘author' provides information from which by reading between the lines the reader gets an impression that the author is familiar and intimate with the Party members mentioned.

But the ‘author', in providing the date of his work, forgot that in 1964 he was a young boy in his teens and could not have known those people in 1950s nor have the intellect to undertake such an academic pursuit.

The question is now, who is the real author of that passage?

With the information now known, this could not even be the pen of Dr Kleruu writing that passage because he, like the ‘author', was never part of that period.

Only one person could have such information and mastery of issues of those times.

This could only be Abdulwahid writing in 1964. The ‘author' had carelessly copied a passage from Abdulwahid's notes preserved in the TANU archives. And this was not done in 1964 either, but much later after his death.
[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]

Jasusi,
Haya ndiyo mauzauza ya historia ya TANU ukipenda unaweza kuita kizungumkuti.

Unalo?

 

[Nicholas]

Sweet Ritz wewe hata kuongopa hujui-yaani wewe kila kitu umehadithiwa na mzee wako

Hembu jiulize huyo mzee alikuwa na kazi gani zaidi ya kuchapa domo.Kuhadithia watu wote.

 

[Ritz]

Wewe utakua ni wale Wachaga wapiga rangi viatu mchana halafu usiku unageuka jambazi!?ahaha!!

Kiongozi wa Chadema utumbo mtupu...kichwa chako kimejaa chuki,ukabila na udini...pitia posts zako zoote humu Jf halafu uone uozo wako!ahaha!!

Cc;Ritz

Huyu anaangaika tu kuna watu wamepita toka karne ya 7 walikuwa wanawatukana na kudhihaki Waislam wapo wapi sasa hivi saizi Waislam wapo zaidi ya bilioni mbili duniani kauzu mmoja akiwatuka anajisumbua bure.

 

[Nicholas]

Mzee wangu alikuwa mnywa kahawa tu na mkaa vibarazani.

Lakini nashukuru katuacha vizuri mijengo ya kumwaga ha haa ha, na shule katupeleka.

SHule yeko ni ya grade gani?Mbona uelewa wako ni km hakuna..pia muwe makini, ukileta watoto make sure umetafuatia pa kukaka otherwise mnaishia kujaa ktk nyumba huku wengine wakichukua share ya baba zao,wengine share eya mama, Hapo lazima mnchapane hadi mkubali yaishe muuze kila kt acha

 

[Ritz]

sweet Ritz unajua wakati TANU inaanzishwa kulikuwa na masharti ya Quota-ikabidi Nyerere kukamilisha idadi awasajili as many people as possible ambao wengi wavuvi,wauza soko,wakaa vilingeni,na watu ambao had nothing to lose-wenye nafasi zao ,na akili zao na shule zao walikaa pembeni wakisubiri mambo yaive ndio wajitose. Sasa leo hii tunaambiwa hawa coolies nk- wawekwe mbele ya Nyerere kihistoria-wakati any knowledgeable person atakwambia Nyerere kawatumia kama stepping stone-habari ndio hiyo

Lady Alaska,

Hakuna anayepinga ulichoandika wala hakuna kulazimisha kwenye kuamini kaani na historia yenu na sisi tuna historia yetu kutoka kwa GOAT Mohamed Said,

Umenifahamu uzuri Lady Alaska?

 

[Mohamed Said]

sweet Ritz unajua wakati TANU inaanzishwa kulikuwa na masharti ya Quota-ikabidi Nyerere kukamilisha idadi awasajili as many people as possible ambao wengi wavuvi,wauza soko,wakaa vilingeni,na watu ambao had nothing to lose-wenye nafasi zao ,na akili zao na shule zao walikaa pembeni wakisubiri mambo yaive ndio wajitose. Sasa leo hii tunaambiwa hawa coolies nk- wawekwe mbele ya Nyerere kihistoria-wakati any knowledgeable person atakwambia Nyerere kawatumia kama stepping stone-habari ndio hiyo

Son of Alaska,
Zuia ghadhabu zako ndugu yangu.

 

[Mohamed Said]

AU naye alishiriki kutapeli ile nyumba ya new street???????????

Son of Alaska,
Haifai kaka.

Hapana haja ya kukashifiana.

 

[Ritz]

SHule yeko ni ya grade gani?Mbona uelewa wako ni km hakuna..pia muwe makini, ukileta watoto make sure umetafuatia pa kukaka otherwise mnaishia kujaa ktk nyumba huku wengine wakichukua share ya baba zao,wengine share eya mama, Hapo lazima mnchapane hadi mkubali yaishe muuze kila kt acha

Madrassa...wewe nasikia una PhD Holder ya matusi umechukulia Rombo.

Ukitaka kujua tofauti yangu na wewe angalia ID yangu Ritz, Gold Member, ha haa ha. Halafu angalia na wewe ID yako.

 

[Nicholas]

sweet Ritz unajua wakati TANU inaanzishwa kulikuwa na masharti ya Quota-ikabidi Nyerere kukamilisha idadi awasajili as many people as possible ambao wengi wavuvi,wauza soko,wakaa vilingeni,na watu ambao had nothing to lose-wenye nafasi zao ,na akili zao na shule zao walikaa pembeni wakisubiri mambo yaive ndio wajitose. Sasa leo hii tunaambiwa hawa coolies nk- wawekwe mbele ya Nyerere kihistoria-wakati any knowledgeable person atakwambia Nyerere kawatumia kama stepping stone-habari ndio hiyo

Nilishwahi waambia haya muda mrefu sana..na hata vitabu vyao vya propaganda wanawasifia makuli kwa jinsi walivyofanya migomo ambayo kwa kweli haikuwa na mchango ktk kuleta uhuru,kuwa Nyerere alitakiwa kuwa na idadi ya watu ambayo ingefanya TANU kuonekana kuwa ni chama cha kitaifa....Na si vinginevyo....Nyerere hakuhitaji kingine kwani alikuw akiajua anachohitaji na power aliyotakiwa kuwa nayo ni ktk "Hotuba na barua zake"..

 

[Mohamed Said]

Namfahamu Dr. Mayanja Kiwanuka. Aliwahi kuja nyumbani kwangu alipokuwa anasoma Syracuse University. Sijawahi kuona kitabu alichoandika, kama ameandika kitabu chochote kuhusu historia ya TANU. Nadhani Mohamed Said ana habari zaidi juu ya hilo kuliko mimi.

Jasusi,
Dk. Mayanja Kiwanuka huyu hapa chini:

[TABLE="class: MsoNormalTable"]
[TR]
[TD] In supporting Nyerere for his recent call and taking up the challenge to record a correct history which he had for the first advanced in 1974 and again in 1985 the present author published an article in African Events [1] in which Abdulwahid and other forgotten TANU pioneers received prominence.

In that article the author did what no other scholar had done before.

He mentioned the fact that Muslims were in the forefront during the struggle for independence.

It was at that time taboo to associate Islam or Muslims with the independence movement.

The author received sharp rebuke from a Party historian, Dr Mayanja Kiwanuka, a leading member of the panel which wrote the Party book Historia ya Chama Cha TANU 1954-1977, the official history of the Party.

The Party historian had this to say:
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 601"] ''(the)... article...argues that although Muslims in Tanzania played a crucial role in the struggle for independence, there is a deliberate effort to downplay their contribution. Consequently, the entire article contains half-baked fairy tales to sustain his argument, more so by mentioning names of several TANU stalwarts who happened to be Muslims...The greatness of TANU, indeed that of its founder-leader, Mwalimu Nyerere, is that, in so short a time since its inception, it managed to weave together into a formidable, relatively homogenous nationalist movement, a people so ethnically, culturally and religiously diverse... Said's major goal is to sow seeds of discord, and at any price, truth to him is a matter to be ignored.'' [2][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 601"] This was the reaction from Kiwanuka, who supervised the research on the official history of the party, reducing a research article to what he called a ‘fairy tale'.

The author was also accused of lying. Kiwanuka, not deviating from the Party stand, emphasised ‘the greatness of the party and its founder-leader'.

Kiwanuka was at that time the Assistant Secretary in the Department of Political Propaganda and Mass Mobilisation of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi.

Kiwanuka had as an undergraduate student at University of Dar es Salaam, written on post-independence Muslim-Christian relations. [3]
[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]

---

[1]See M. Said, ‘In Praise of Ancestors' Africa Events, London, March/April 1988, pp. 37-41.
[2]See Africa Events, May, 1988, letter by Dr K. Mayanja Kiwanuka.
[3]K. Mayanja Kiwanuka, The Politics of Islam in Bukoba District (1973), B.A. Thesis, University
of Dar es Salaam.

 

[Ritz]

Son of Alaska,
Zuia ghadhabu zako ndugu yangu.

GOAT Mohamed Said, hawa ndugu zetu hawawezi mijadala bila matusi.

 

[Nicholas]

AU naye alishiriki kutapeli ile nyumba ya new street???????????

Umempatia kweli kweli...AA/TAA walishanuka ktk misuse ya hela..

 

[Yericko Nyerere]

Yericko Nyerere,

Acha kutisha watu kama kawaida yenu mnaanza kukimbilia Mods.

Hivi unajua maana ya "Name Calling" tumemtaja jina huyo unayemtetea humu jamvini tunajua itikadi zetu.

Unabisha siyo Chadema? Nikuletee mabandiko yake akisifia Chadema? Hata wewe pia ni Chadema.

Hakuna tatizo waambie mods watupige ban.

Maana ya "Name Calling" ipo katika waraka wa JF unaokutaka kila mwanachama kuzingatia masharti ya JF!

Nikusaidie ndugu yangu, kuwa shabiki wa chama sio kuwa kiongozi!

Wewe hapa ni mfia ccm lakini hata ubalozi wa nyumba kumi wa ccm tu hujawahi kushi na huta shika, hii ni kwamjibu wa uchunguzi wa akili yako!


Kamasi ni mbaya kutumika kufikiri, hata kama akili zako ni za kisoda endelea kutumia hivyohivyo usiruhusu kamasi zichukue mkondo wa akili!

 

[Yericko Nyerere]

Kwa wanajamvi wasiojua historia ya siasa za kale za Zanzibar nivema tukajikumbusha jambo hili muhimu,

Mnamo karne ya 19 wakati visiwa hivyo vikiwa chini ya utawala dharimu wa kikoloni, Kanisa Katoliki usharika wa Zanzibar liliamua kuanzisha mradi wa ununuzi wa ardhi ya Zanzibar toka kwa wakoloni na kuwagawia Wazanzibar wote bila kujali imani zao!

"The Secrete Roman Cathedral files"

 

[Ritz]

Kwa wanajamvi wasiojua historia ya siasa za kale za Zanzibar nivema tukajikumbusha jambo hili muhimu,

Mnamo karne ya 19 wakati visiwa hivyo vikiwa chini ya utawala dharimu wa kikoloni, Kanisa Katoliki usharika wa Zanzibar liliamua kuanzisha mradi wa ununuzi wa ardhi ya Zanzibar toka kwa wakoloni na kuwagawia Wazanzibar wote bila kujali imani zao!

"The Secrete Roman Cathedral files"

Source?

 

[Ritz]

Wanaukumbi, ngoja tudadavue kiduchu bayana za huyu jamaa wa Chadema kwanza anaanza kulialia kuwa Wachaga wanabaguliwa, ha haa haaah.

Wanabodi tuongelee hili suala ambalo zi rafikis ana kwa amani ya nchi na maendeleo ya nchi na ubaguzi kwa wachaga.Ni wazi in practice haiwezekana watu kuwafanikiwa dhidi ya wachaga ktk mambo mengi kutokana na asili yao.Ila uwepo wa hizi tabia ni wa kukemea sana.

Mambo haya yameonekana hata ktk sera za nchi.Si rafiki sana kw amikoa km kilimanjaro, ila kidogo kinachopatikana ktk ule mkoa kam juhudi za wale watu serikali imekuwa ikijaribu waaminisha raia km vile kuna upendeleo fulani.Wengine wakiwachukuliwa wachaga kama wadhulumu wa watanzania.Wengine wakiwaita wabaguzi, wengine wakisema wasemalo.

Sasa hivi chuki zimefikia kuwanyima haki ya kuingia ktk siasa, kuwanyima kusimama ktk ngazi za juu ktk taasisi.Wamefikia mahali pa kufanya kampeni dhalimu dhidi ya vyama vingine kwa kuvihusisha na wachaga.Ingawa hakuna anayefanyahivyo kwa wasio raisa wa tanzania km wasomali, wahindi, waarabu na hata watu wa nchi jirani.

ha haa haa bado anaendelea kulilia hapa chini huku akiwasifia wachaga.

Mbaya ..wachaga ambao ni effective hawapo Kilimanjaro.Na hivyo kuifanya serikali kushindwa wabana wachaga...experice yangu inaonyesha..Hata hao wanasiasa wenyewe,wanakata matawi waliyosimamia kwani wengi wameolewa na wachaga(waawake+wanaume).Pamoj a na mafanikio ya muda mfupi mwishowe wachaga huwa crucial sana ktk survival yao kiuchumi na kimipango.

Hata watafiti wa kijerumani walipokuja waliona kitu tofauti sana kule..walikuwa utamaduni ambao haukuwa sumbua sana kuwapa concept ya "Mungu Moja" na ethics fulani ambzo zina universala values.Pia social bondaje yao ilikuwa na maana sana.

Hapa chini kama kawaida yake anaanza kamba zake "UONGO"

Kuna siku nilimkuta jamaa mmoja wa Tanga(siasa kali) akisema kuwa watapanda kuanzia Tanga nakufagia Kilimanjaro,Arusha wakifagia makafiri yote...yanamsumbua sana JK kwa hila.Nikamwambie aniambie watafanikisha vipi...povu likimtoka ila hakuwa na ujanja kwangu....aksema watapanda tuu wakipigana.Nikamuuliza akaangalie vizuri wapo kiasi gani Tanga na wanatoa huduma gani ambazo wakisitisha kam watakuwa na nguvu za kuendelea na hizo vita?Nikamwambia akaangalie mapori ya korogwe ,handeni an lushoto ambayo yapo katikati yana wachaga wangapi?Achilia mbali wamasaia, waarusha, wameru, na wengine ambao watakuwa kitu kimoja km suala ni jihadi.Alilegea....akabaki kumbee walishajipanga kwa hilo....?Nikamwambia bado ni coincidence tuu..wao wamefuata ardhi tupu na yenye rutuba.

ha haa ha hapa chini kama kawaida anaendeleza kamba zake.

Kuna dogo wangu waliwahi mfanya mwenye nyumba ashindwe mfukuza na mwishowe akanunua nyumba ..kwa kunjengea pengine baada ya mangi kuongeza vyumba..Mzee wa nyumba alikuwa msumbufu sana.Ila alipoanza ruhusiwa kukopa mzee akajenga mzinga.Dogo kuna siku akawa anambeep mzee anaondoka kwenda salimia ngugu wengine kuanzia Jmosi hadi j2.Mzee akafeel umuhimu.Akawa anakuja kwa adabu...baadaye akipewa mahesabu anakuja iaezi kadhaa kodi ilishalipwa.Mzee akamtuma binti ili apinge ndoa ya mkeka mangi hakuingia line...wakaanza mtania kuwa ni bahili, mara hajui mapenzi ni mshamba.mangi wapi,wakaishia pewa mimba na vibarua wa mangi..dogo alipoanza uza kuku, na samaki wabichi...ikawa rushwa imeongezeka..mzee kila akijisikia kubadili mlo anasema bill ya mzee...mwisho mangi akafungua bar na upande moja duka.Mara ya mwisho mzee alikuwa na mpango wa kumpa shamba lake kwa vile mangi alianza gharamia gharama za matibabu kwa mzee wakati mabinti wana uzao wa afya,vijana ni masharubaro mjini.Wanalalamikia mfumo uliowapendelea wachaga.

Dogo alianza biashara kwa mtaji wa laki 4,shelf zilikuwa karibu sana na dirisha,wakati akilala kwa nyuma.Alikuwa akiwauzia sukari kwa kipimo kidogo sana.Kiwango cha vijiko vi3 kwa vile waswahili kila mtu anakula ajuavyo...wakipika ugali,kila mtu ana mboga yake, wakipika chai kitafunwa kila mtu na lwake na watoto wake(vijukuu), dogo alikuwa hauzi sukari kwa kilo au nusu.Kwani yeye kwa rejareja yake ...ilikuwa iangiza hela km muuza panadol za kuhesabu..

Hapa chini alibanwa kuhusu wachaga kuwa wengi TRA soma jibu lake, ha haa haa haa.

Unasema TRA..bado napo ukinaglia kwa makini utaona kuwa ndio waliowania nafasi kwa wingi wakati zinatangazwa na hivyo kufanya probability kuwa kubwa.Umeangalia UCC, NSSF, Na mifuko mingine?Umeangalia Tanesco,Umeangalia Tanapa? pamoja na kwamba watu walijiwekea mikakati na wamefanikiwa kuwekana..ila hata utendaji wao si wa kufanya kazi bila usimamizi mkubwa.Ndio maana siku zote utakuta kuna mchaga anayeweza mhonga boss wake anayepewa mshahara na mengine kuliko yeye.

Kama kwaida yake hapa chini anawashambulia waswahili, ha haa haaa.

Waswahili ambao si watendaji wazuri huongwa na watu wa chini yao kuwalinda kiutendaji..Wengi wa wachukia wachaga..hufanya nao kazi kwa vile wachaga wengi hufanya kazi kwa kujiamini na uwezo kwa kiasi cha kufanya asiyejua kufanya kazi ajibanze ktk hiyo performance.Mwishowe mabosi hujitahidi hao wachaga wasiondoke ili nao wasijeumbuka kazi zikilala.

Hapa chini umeokota maneno kwenye vijiwe vya mbege unaleta JF ha ha haa.

King wa Saudia akawahi mlipa Prof mmoja hela nyingi sana..ili akae chini atafutue kitu chochote ktk Quran kinachoweza thibitisha kuwa uislam unaendana na Sayansi.Jamaa akatafuta jukns kibao akaziweka ktk book na kuenda mbali zaidi kwa kusema kuwa Bible ndio ipo kinyume na sayansi.Waislam wakadanganyika, wakaanza kusema magharibi waliiba ilm ya waislam....ila hawakua na majibu .Kama waliibiwa elimu ktk Quran ,Quran nayo iliibwa?Km iliibwa iliyopo itaaminika vipi kuwa si feki?Au km hawakuichukua na waislam wanaamini kuwa wao ndio waijuayo kuliko makafiri,kwanini tena wameshindwa isoma na kutengeza rocket?

Hapa chini chukuwa hii mipini ya maana kutoka kwa wasomi wa kiislam miaka hiyo hawa wamepata ilm hii kwenye Quran.

"al-Khwārizmī" redirects here. For other uses, see al-Khwārizmī (disambiguation).

[TABLE="class: infobox biography vcard, width: 22"]
[TR]
[TH="colspan: 2, align: center"]Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="colspan: 2, align: center"]
Statue of Al-Khwārizmī[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Born[/TH]
[TD]c. 780[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Died[/TH]
[TD]c. 850[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Ethnicity[/TH]
[TD="class: category"]Persian[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Known for[/TH]
[TD]Treatises on algebra and Indian numerals[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Influenced[/TH]
[TD]Abu Kamil[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[SUP][note 1][/SUP] (c. 780, Khwārizm[SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][4][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP] – c. 850) was a Persian[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP] mathematician, astronomer and geographer during the Abbasid Empire, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. The word al-Khwarizmi is pronounced in classical Arabic as Al-Khwarithmi hence the Latin transliteration.
In the twelfth century, Latin translations of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world.[SUP][5][/SUP] His Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic. In Renaissance Europe, he was considered the original inventor of algebra, although it is now known that his work is based on older Indian or Greek sources.[SUP][6][/SUP] He revised Ptolemy's Geography and wrote on astronomy and astrology.
Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwarizmi's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.[SUP][7][/SUP] His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo[SUP][8][/SUP] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit

Chukuwa na hii.

Al-Ṣābiʾ Thābit ibn Qurra al-Ḥarrānī (Arabic: ثابت بن قرة‎, Latin: Thebit/Thebith/Tebit;[SUP][2][/SUP] 826[SUP][3][/SUP] – February 18, 901) was an Iraqi Muslim mathematician, physician, astronomer, and translator of the Islamic Golden Age who lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century.
Ibn Qurra made important discoveries in algebra, geometry, and astronomy. In astronomy, Thabit is considered one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.[SUP][3][/SUP]

Chukuwa na hii.

The Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February, 873), Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century Islamic scholars of Baghdad who are known for their Book of Ingenious Devices on automata (automatic machines) and mechanical devices. Another important work of theirs is the Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, a foundational work on geometry that was frequently quoted by both Islamic and European mathematicians.[SUP][2][/SUP]
The Banu Musa worked in astronomical observatories established in Baghdad by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun as well as doing research in the House of Wisdom. They also participated in an 9th-century expedition to make geodesic measurements to determine the length of a degree.[SUP][2][/SUP]

Chukuwa hii.

Ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة‎, ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ṭ-Ṭanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوط&#1577😉 (February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369), was a Moroccan and Berber explorer. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.[SUP][1][/SUP]

Hawa wasomi wa Kiislam wakati huo Ulaya na Marekani bado giza tupu, chukuwa na hii chini.

[TABLE="class: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-title, colspan: 2"]Astronomy in medieval Islam
[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"]Astronomers[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd hlist, align: left"] [TABLE="class: nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 8th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Ahmad Nahavandi
• Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
• Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī and his son
• Mashallah ibn Athari
• Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 9th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
• Abu Said Gorgani
• Al-Farghānī
• Al-Kindi
• Al-Mahani
• Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar
• Al-Marwazi
• Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
• Banu Musa
• Iranshahri
• Khālid ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik
• Al-Khwārizmī
• Sahl ibn Bishr
• Thābit ibn Qurra

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 10th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
• Abu-Mahmud Khojandi
• Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
• Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī
• Ahmad ibn Yusuf
• Al-Battani
• Alchabitius
• Al-Nayrizi
• Al-Saghani
• Ibn Yunus
• Ibrahim ibn Sinan

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 11th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Abu Nasr Mansur
• Al-Bīrūnī
• Al-Zarqālī
• Alhazen
• Avicenna
• Ibn al-Saffar
• Kushyar ibn Labban
• Said Al-Andalusi
• Sijzi

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 12th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Al-Bitruji
• Al-Kharaqī
• Al-Khazini
• Al-Samaw'al
• Abu al-Salt
• Anvari
• Ibn al-Kammad
• Jabir ibn Aflah
• Omar Khayyám
• Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 13th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
• Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
• Jamal ad-Din
• Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
• Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
• Zakariya al-Qazwini
• Ibn Abi al-Shukr
• Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi
• Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī
• Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 14th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Ibn al-Shatir
• Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī
• Abū al‐ʿUqūl

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 15th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Ali Qushji
• ʿAbd al‐Wājid
• Jamshīd al-Kāshī
• Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
• Ulugh Beg
• Sibt al-Mardini
• Ibn al-Majdi

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 16th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Al-Birjandi
• Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
• Piri Reis
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]

 

[Ritz]

Wanaukumbi, ngoja tudadavue kiduchu bayana za huyu jamaa wa Chadema kwanza anaanza kulialia kuwa Wachaga wanabaguliwa, ha haa haaah.

Wanabodi tuongelee hili suala ambalo zi rafikis ana kwa amani ya nchi na maendeleo ya nchi na ubaguzi kwa wachaga.Ni wazi in practice haiwezekana watu kuwafanikiwa dhidi ya wachaga ktk mambo mengi kutokana na asili yao.Ila uwepo wa hizi tabia ni wa kukemea sana.

Mambo haya yameonekana hata ktk sera za nchi.Si rafiki sana kw amikoa km kilimanjaro, ila kidogo kinachopatikana ktk ule mkoa kam juhudi za wale watu serikali imekuwa ikijaribu waaminisha raia km vile kuna upendeleo fulani.Wengine wakiwachukuliwa wachaga kama wadhulumu wa watanzania.Wengine wakiwaita wabaguzi, wengine wakisema wasemalo.

Sasa hivi chuki zimefikia kuwanyima haki ya kuingia ktk siasa, kuwanyima kusimama ktk ngazi za juu ktk taasisi.Wamefikia mahali pa kufanya kampeni dhalimu dhidi ya vyama vingine kwa kuvihusisha na wachaga.Ingawa hakuna anayefanyahivyo kwa wasio raisa wa tanzania km wasomali, wahindi, waarabu na hata watu wa nchi jirani.

ha haa haa bado anaendelea kulilia hapa chini huku akiwasifia wachaga.

Mbaya ..wachaga ambao ni effective hawapo Kilimanjaro.Na hivyo kuifanya serikali kushindwa wabana wachaga...experice yangu inaonyesha..Hata hao wanasiasa wenyewe,wanakata matawi waliyosimamia kwani wengi wameolewa na wachaga(waawake+wanaume).Pamoj a na mafanikio ya muda mfupi mwishowe wachaga huwa crucial sana ktk survival yao kiuchumi na kimipango.

Hata watafiti wa kijerumani walipokuja waliona kitu tofauti sana kule..walikuwa utamaduni ambao haukuwa sumbua sana kuwapa concept ya "Mungu Moja" na ethics fulani ambzo zina universala values.Pia social bondaje yao ilikuwa na maana sana.

Hapa chini kama kawaida yake anaanza kamba zake "UONGO"

Kuna siku nilimkuta jamaa mmoja wa Tanga(siasa kali) akisema kuwa watapanda kuanzia Tanga nakufagia Kilimanjaro,Arusha wakifagia makafiri yote...yanamsumbua sana JK kwa hila.Nikamwambie aniambie watafanikisha vipi...povu likimtoka ila hakuwa na ujanja kwangu....aksema watapanda tuu wakipigana.Nikamuuliza akaangalie vizuri wapo kiasi gani Tanga na wanatoa huduma gani ambazo wakisitisha kam watakuwa na nguvu za kuendelea na hizo vita?Nikamwambia akaangalie mapori ya korogwe ,handeni an lushoto ambayo yapo katikati yana wachaga wangapi?Achilia mbali wamasaia, waarusha, wameru, na wengine ambao watakuwa kitu kimoja km suala ni jihadi.Alilegea....akabaki kumbee walishajipanga kwa hilo....?Nikamwambia bado ni coincidence tuu..wao wamefuata ardhi tupu na yenye rutuba.

ha haa ha hapa chini kama kawaida anaendeleza kamba zake.

Kuna dogo wangu waliwahi mfanya mwenye nyumba ashindwe mfukuza na mwishowe akanunua nyumba ..kwa kunjengea pengine baada ya mangi kuongeza vyumba..Mzee wa nyumba alikuwa msumbufu sana.Ila alipoanza ruhusiwa kukopa mzee akajenga mzinga.Dogo kuna siku akawa anambeep mzee anaondoka kwenda salimia ngugu wengine kuanzia Jmosi hadi j2.Mzee akafeel umuhimu.Akawa anakuja kwa adabu...baadaye akipewa mahesabu anakuja iaezi kadhaa kodi ilishalipwa.Mzee akamtuma binti ili apinge ndoa ya mkeka mangi hakuingia line...wakaanza mtania kuwa ni bahili, mara hajui mapenzi ni mshamba.mangi wapi,wakaishia pewa mimba na vibarua wa mangi..dogo alipoanza uza kuku, na samaki wabichi...ikawa rushwa imeongezeka..mzee kila akijisikia kubadili mlo anasema bill ya mzee...mwisho mangi akafungua bar na upande moja duka.Mara ya mwisho mzee alikuwa na mpango wa kumpa shamba lake kwa vile mangi alianza gharamia gharama za matibabu kwa mzee wakati mabinti wana uzao wa afya,vijana ni masharubaro mjini.Wanalalamikia mfumo uliowapendelea wachaga.

Dogo alianza biashara kwa mtaji wa laki 4,shelf zilikuwa karibu sana na dirisha,wakati akilala kwa nyuma.Alikuwa akiwauzia sukari kwa kipimo kidogo sana.Kiwango cha vijiko vi3 kwa vile waswahili kila mtu anakula ajuavyo...wakipika ugali,kila mtu ana mboga yake, wakipika chai kitafunwa kila mtu na lwake na watoto wake(vijukuu), dogo alikuwa hauzi sukari kwa kilo au nusu.Kwani yeye kwa rejareja yake ...ilikuwa iangiza hela km muuza panadol za kuhesabu..

Hapa chini alibanwa kuhusu wachaga kuwa wengi TRA soma jibu lake, ha haa haa haa.

Unasema TRA..bado napo ukinaglia kwa makini utaona kuwa ndio waliowania nafasi kwa wingi wakati zinatangazwa na hivyo kufanya probability kuwa kubwa.Umeangalia UCC, NSSF, Na mifuko mingine?Umeangalia Tanesco,Umeangalia Tanapa? pamoja na kwamba watu walijiwekea mikakati na wamefanikiwa kuwekana..ila hata utendaji wao si wa kufanya kazi bila usimamizi mkubwa.Ndio maana siku zote utakuta kuna mchaga anayeweza mhonga boss wake anayepewa mshahara na mengine kuliko yeye.

Kama kwaida yake hapa chini anawashambulia waswahili, ha haa haaa.

Waswahili ambao si watendaji wazuri huongwa na watu wa chini yao kuwalinda kiutendaji..Wengi wa wachukia wachaga..hufanya nao kazi kwa vile wachaga wengi hufanya kazi kwa kujiamini na uwezo kwa kiasi cha kufanya asiyejua kufanya kazi ajibanze ktk hiyo performance.Mwishowe mabosi hujitahidi hao wachaga wasiondoke ili nao wasijeumbuka kazi zikilala.

Hapa chini umaokota maneno kwenye vijiwe vya mbege unaleta JF ha ha haa.

King wa Saudia akawahi mlipa Prof mmoja hela nyingi sana..ili akae chini atafutue kitu chochote ktk Quran kinachoweza thibitisha kuwa uislam unaendana na Sayansi.Jamaa akatafuta jukns kibao akaziweka ktk book na kuenda mbali zaidi kwa kusema kuwa Bible ndio ipo kinyume na sayansi.Waislam wakadanganyika, wakaanza kusema magharibi waliiba ilm ya waislam....ila hawakua na majibu .Kama waliibiwa elimu ktk Quran ,Quran nayo iliibwa?Km iliibwa iliyopo itaaminika vipi kuwa si feki?Au km hawakuichukua na waislam wanaamini kuwa wao ndio waijuayo kuliko makafiri,kwanini tena wameshindwa isoma na kutengeza rocket?

Hapa chini chikuwa hii mpini ya maana.

"al-Khwārizmī" redirects here. For other uses, see al-Khwārizmī (disambiguation).

[TABLE="class: infobox biography vcard, width: 22"]
[TR]
[TH="colspan: 2, align: center"]Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="colspan: 2, align: center"]
Statue of Al-Khwārizmī[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Born[/TH]
[TD]c. 780[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Died[/TH]
[TD]c. 850[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Ethnicity[/TH]
[TD="class: category"]Persian[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Known for[/TH]
[TD]Treatises on algebra and Indian numerals[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="align: left"]Influenced[/TH]
[TD]Abu Kamil[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[SUP][note 1][/SUP] (c. 780, Khwārizm[SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][4][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP] – c. 850) was a Persian[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP][SUP][3][/SUP] mathematician, astronomer and geographer during the Abbasid Empire, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. The word al-Khwarizmi is pronounced in classical Arabic as Al-Khwarithmi hence the Latin transliteration.
In the twelfth century, Latin translations of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world.[SUP][5][/SUP] His Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic. In Renaissance Europe, he was considered the original inventor of algebra, although it is now known that his work is based on older Indian or Greek sources.[SUP][6][/SUP] He revised Ptolemy's Geography and wrote on astronomy and astrology.
Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwarizmi's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.[SUP][7][/SUP] His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo[SUP][8][/SUP] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit

Chukuwa na hii.

Al-Ṣābiʾ Thābit ibn Qurra al-Ḥarrānī (Arabic: ثابت بن قرة‎, Latin: Thebit/Thebith/Tebit;[SUP][2][/SUP] 826[SUP][3][/SUP] – February 18, 901) was an Iraqi Muslim mathematician, physician, astronomer, and translator of the Islamic Golden Age who lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century.
Ibn Qurra made important discoveries in algebra, geometry, and astronomy. In astronomy, Thabit is considered one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.[SUP][3][/SUP]

Chukwa na hii.

The Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February, 873), Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century Islamic scholars of Baghdad who are known for their Book of Ingenious Devices on automata (automatic machines) and mechanical devices. Another important work of theirs is the Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, a foundational work on geometry that was frequently quoted by both Islamic and European mathematicians.[SUP][2][/SUP]
The Banu Musa worked in astronomical observatories established in Baghdad by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun as well as doing research in the House of Wisdom. They also participated in an 9th-century expedition to make geodesic measurements to determine the length of a degree.[SUP][2][/SUP]

Chukuwa hii.

Ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة‎, ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ṭ-Ṭanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوط&#1577😉 (February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369), was a Moroccan and Berber explorer. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.[SUP][1][/SUP]

Hawa wasomi wa Kiislam wakati huo Ulaya na Marekani bado giza tupu chukuwa na hii chini.

[TABLE="class: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner"]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-title, colspan: 2"]Astronomy in medieval Islam
[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"]Astronomers[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd hlist, align: left"] [TABLE="class: nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 8th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Ahmad Nahavandi
• Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
• Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī and his son
• Mashallah ibn Athari
• Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 9th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
• Abu Said Gorgani
• Al-Farghānī
• Al-Kindi
• Al-Mahani
• Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar
• Al-Marwazi
• Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
• Banu Musa
• Iranshahri
• Khālid ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik
• Al-Khwārizmī
• Sahl ibn Bishr
• Thābit ibn Qurra

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 10th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
• Abu-Mahmud Khojandi
• Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
• Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī
• Ahmad ibn Yusuf
• Al-Battani
• Alchabitius
• Al-Nayrizi
• Al-Saghani
• Ibn Yunus
• Ibrahim ibn Sinan

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 11th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Abu Nasr Mansur
• Al-Bīrūnī
• Al-Zarqālī
• Alhazen
• Avicenna
• Ibn al-Saffar
• Kushyar ibn Labban
• Said Al-Andalusi
• Sijzi

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 12th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Al-Bitruji
• Al-Kharaqī
• Al-Khazini
• Al-Samaw'al
• Abu al-Salt
• Anvari
• Ibn al-Kammad
• Jabir ibn Aflah
• Omar Khayyám
• Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 13th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
• Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
• Jamal ad-Din
• Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
• Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
• Zakariya al-Qazwini
• Ibn Abi al-Shukr
• Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi
• Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī
• Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 14th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Ibn al-Shatir
• Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī
• Abū al‐ʿUqūl

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 15th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-even, align: left"]

• Ali Qushji
• ʿAbd al‐Wājid
• Jamshīd al-Kāshī
• Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
• Ulugh Beg
• Sibt al-Mardini
• Ibn al-Majdi

[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="class: navbox-group"] 16th c.
[/TH]
[TD="class: navbox-list navbox-odd, align: left"]

• Al-Birjandi
• Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
• Piri Reis
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]