V.V.U na Upimaji wake (Coincidences)

[Mjuni Lwambo]

Njoo nikudunge Mkuu naona umechoka kuishi aisee

Ong'wise, mwanzo nilikuwa mbishi sana juu ya hili suala, lakini baada ya kufuatilia historia ya ugunduzi wake, nimeona ni usanii mtupu, huyu huyu mgunduzi RObert Gallo aliwahi kuidanganya dunia miaka ya1970 kuwa amegundua kirusi kinachoeneza kansa na kwamba Kansa inaambukiza, baada ya muda mfupi madaktari wenzie wakathibitisha kuwa Kansa haiambukizi na uwongo wake ukafia pale,

Akajipanga tena, alipokuja na hii hadithi ya vvu/ukimwi alikwepa uhakiki wa pamoja(peer review) na wenzie na hii ishu ikapitishwa kiujanjaujanja.

 

[mzee wa kigonzile]

THE CHEMICAL BASES OF THE VARIOUS AIDS EPIDERMICS: RECREATIONAL DRUGS, ANTI-VIRAL CHEMOTHERAPY AND MALNUTRITION.

Refer: The Chemical Bases of the Various AIDS Epidemics: Recreational Drugs

 

[mzee wa kigonzile]

Mkuu nashukuru Kwa hiyo link, lakini ukiitafakari vizuri, ni Kama kupaza maambukizi ya vvu Kwa njia ya ngono ni vigumu mno, link inasema, Kufanya mapenzi kinyume na maumbile, ni asilimia 0.06 tu ya uwezekano wa kupata maambuzi, Yaani 1 Kwa matendo 1667!

Kwa njia ya kawaida, ili uambukizwe Mara moja, inabidi ufanye wastani wa matendo ya ngono mara 2500!, yaani hatari ya kupata maambukizi ni asilimia 0.04!

Iieleweke vizuri hapa, Huo wastani wa matendo per infection ni wa kufanya ngono bila kinga na Watu ambao ni HIV positive, imagine!

Nimefanya hesabu rahisi, ili ufanye matendo ya ngono 2500 ndani ya mwezi mmoja ni lazima ufanye ngono mara 83 Kwa siku moja!

Hata kupata maambukizi Kwa mwaka pia ni ngumu maana itabidi huyo Mpenzi wako muathirika ufanye nae ngono Mara 6 kila siku, au uwe unatafuta waathiirika 6 kila siku ufanye nao ngono bila kinga, ......

Kuna kitu ambacho hiyo link haijafafanua, Kwa nini ni vigumu hivyo? Kwamba wakati wa ngono ni ngumu hiyo kupata michubuko?, kama ni kweli kuwa ngono ndio njia kuu ya kuenea Kwa vvu hao wanaosemekana wengi wanaishi na Vvu wamepataje?, walikuwa wakifanya ngono wastani wa mara 6 kila siku na wenye vvu?

That is true. The best efficient way kwa HIV kusambaa ni kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa mtoto (Perintal) kuliko kwa njia ya ngono.

 

[Thanksmaster]

Nahisi uwakala wa shetani ndani take kuwafanya watu wafanye ngono bila kujali mambukizi ya virusi

 

[color.bash]

Mkuu nashukuru Kwa hiyo link, lakini ukiitafakari vizuri, ni Kama kupaza maambukizi ya vvu Kwa njia ya ngono ni vigumu mno, link inasema, Kufanya mapenzi kinyume na maumbile, ni asilimia 0.06 tu ya uwezekano wa kupata maambuzi, Yaani 1 Kwa matendo 1667!

Kwa njia ya kawaida, ili uambukizwe Mara moja, inabidi ufanye wastani wa matendo ya ngono mara 2500!, yaani hatari ya kupata maambukizi ni asilimia 0.04!

Iieleweke vizuri hapa, Huo wastani wa matendo per infection ni wa kufanya ngono bila kinga na Watu ambao ni HIV positive, imagine!

Nimefanya hesabu rahisi, ili ufanye matendo ya ngono 2500 ndani ya mwezi mmoja ni lazima ufanye ngono mara 83 Kwa siku moja!

Hata kupata maambukizi Kwa mwaka pia ni ngumu maana itabidi huyo Mpenzi wako muathirika ufanye nae ngono Mara 6 kila siku, au uwe unatafuta waathiirika 6 kila siku ufanye nao ngono bila kinga, ......

Kuna kitu ambacho hiyo link haijafafanua, Kwa nini ni vigumu hivyo? Kwamba wakati wa ngono ni ngumu hiyo kupata michubuko?, kama ni kweli kuwa ngono ndio njia kuu ya kuenea Kwa vvu hao wanaosemekana wengi wanaishi na Vvu wamepataje?, walikuwa wakifanya ngono wastani wa mara 6 kila siku na wenye vvu?

Mjuni

sina uhakika wa ufahamu wako kwenye kitu kinachoitwa 'probabilities'. Hesabu zinazoainishwa humo ni kusema kwamba uwezekano wa mtu kupata maambukizi ya HIV kwa namna tofauti ya ngono na 'probabilities' zake. Ukisoma kwa makini kwenye hiyo yaarifa utagundua kuwa haimaanishi kwamba unahitaji kufanya ngono kinyume cha maumbile mara 1667 ili upata maambukizi. La hasha. Kuna uwezekano kwamba tendo lako la kwanza la ngono kinyume na maumbile kwa mtu aliyeathirika likakupelekea moja kwa moja kupata maambukizi.

Vile vile kuna mambo mengine mengi baina ya asiye na maambukizi na mwenye maambukizi yanayoweza kuongeza ama kupunguza hiyo 'probability'. Kwa mfano:

- kuwa na maradhi mengine ya STD kwa mtu ambaye hana maambukizi kunaongeza uwezekano wa kupata maambukizi
- stage ya mtu ambaye ana maambukizi (tafiti zinaonyesha kuwa mtu mwenye VVU ambaye bado yupo kwenye window period na mwili wake bado haujaanza kutengeneza antibodies, huyu ana uwezo mkubwa maradufu wa kuwaambukiza wengine kuliko wale ambao tayari wame-seroconvert)
- mtu mwenye maambukizi ya VVU lakini anatumia ARV mpaka kufikia kiwango ambacho antibodies zake haziashirii uwepo wa HIV, huyu (kwa mujibu wa tafiti) ana uwezekano mdogo kabisa wa kuambukiza wengine

Kwa kifupi mkuu 'probabilities' zote hizo kwa pamoja ndizo zenye kuweza kuweka uwezekano wa hatari iliyo kwa mtu kupata maambukizi kwa kufanya ngono pasipo kinga.


[kwa lugha ya picha ya mchezo wa soka ni sawa na kusema, si kila kosa la mabeki linapelekea kufungwa goli, japo makosa ya mabeki mengi zaidi yanaongezea uwezekano wa kufungwa]

The bottom line is, its is best to use protection regardless the status of one's sexual partner is known or unknown, nadhani ndio maana huyo muhudumu wa afya akatoa ushauri kwako kuwa utumie kinga unapokutana na huyo mpenzi wako ambaye unasema ni HIV+

 

[Mjuni Lwambo]

Mjuni

sina uhakika wa ufahamu wako kwenye kitu kinachoitwa 'probabilities'. Hesabu zinazoainishwa humo ni kusema kwamba uwezekano wa mtu kupata maambukizi ya HIV kwa namna tofauti ya ngono na 'probabilities' zake. Ukisoma kwa makini kwenye hiyo yaarifa utagundua kuwa haimaanishi kwamba unahitaji kufanya ngono kinyume cha maumbile mara 1667 ili upata maambukizi. La hasha. Kuna uwezekano kwamba tendo lako la kwanza la ngono kinyume na maumbile kwa mtu aliyeathirika likakupelekea moja kwa moja kupata maambukizi.

Vile vile kuna mambo mengine mengi baina ya asiye na maambukizi na mwenye maambukizi yanayoweza kuongeza ama kupunguza hiyo 'probability'. Kwa mfano:

- kuwa na maradhi mengine ya STD kwa mtu ambaye hana maambukizi kunaongeza uwezekano wa kupata maambukizi
- stage ya mtu ambaye ana maambukizi (tafiti zinaonyesha kuwa mtu mwenye VVU ambaye bado yupo kwenye window period na mwili wake bado haujaanza kutengeneza antibodies, huyu ana uwezo mkubwa maradufu wa kuwaambukiza wengine kuliko wale ambao tayari wame-seroconvert)
- mtu mwenye maambukizi ya VVU lakini anatumia ARV mpaka kufikia kiwango ambacho antibodies zake haziashirii uwepo wa HIV, huyu (kwa mujibu wa tafiti) ana uwezekano mdogo kabisa wa kuambukiza wengine

Kwa kifupi mkuu 'probabilities' zote hizo kwa pamoja ndizo zenye kuweza kuweka uwezekano wa hatari iliyo kwa mtu kupata maambukizi kwa kufanya ngono pasipo kinga.


[kwa lugha ya picha ya mchezo wa soka ni sawa na kusema, si kila kosa la mabeki linapelekea kufungwa goli, japo makosa ya mabeki mengi zaidi yanaongezea uwezekano wa kufungwa]

The bottom line is, its is best to use protection regardless the status of one's sexual partner is known or unknown, nadhani ndio maana huyo muhudumu wa afya akatoa ushauri kwako kuwa utumie kinga unapokutana na huyo mpenzi wako ambaye unasema ni HIV+

Color.bash;

Kiukweli kabisa Mimi mwenyewe sielewi Nina uelewa kiasi gani Kwenye "probability", ila nilijitahidi tu kuconcentrate Kwenye hiyo link ili nielewe ujumbe wake.

Nilielewa kuwa hizo probability za 1infection per 1667 acts na ile 1 per 2500 ni pale ambapo factors zingine Kama vile Sti's hazipo, Pia naelewa kuwa katika hayo matendo 1667 au 2500 maambukizi yanaweza kutokea katika tendo la 2500 au la 1000 au hata la 1! Kabla sijaeleza kama nitatumia kinga ama la, ningependa kujua Kwa nini hiyo probability iwe ni namba ndogo namuna hiyo?

Wewe mkuu hushangai?, 0.04 na 0.06? Kwa sababu ngono ndio njia juu ya kuenea Kwa Vvu, Kwa nini isingekuwa kwamba hiyo 0.04 ndio uwezekano wa kutopata?, iwe kwamba ukifanya ngono bila kinga na mwenye Vvu Usipopata ni una bahati sana, Kwa nini iwe kupata maambukizi ndio bahati na kutopata ni kawaida?, sababu hasa ni nini?

 

[tindikalikali]

Color.bash;

Kiukweli kabisa Mimi mwenyewe sielewi Nina uelewa kiasi gani Kwenye "probability", ila nilijitahidi tu kuconcentrate Kwenye hiyo link ili nielewe ujumbe wake.

Nilielewa kuwa hizo probability za 1infection per 1667 acts na ile 1 per 2500 ni pale ambapo factors zingine Kama vile Sti's hazipo, Pia naelewa kuwa katika hayo matendo 1667 au 2500 maambukizi yanaweza kutokea katika tendo la 2500 au la 1000 au hata la 1! Kabla sijaeleza kama nitatumia kinga ama la, ningependa kujua Kwa nini hiyo probability iwe ni namba ndogo namuna hiyo?

Wewe mkuu hushangai?, 0.04 na 0.06? Kwa sababu ngono ndio njia juu ya kuenea Kwa Vvu, Kwa nini isingekuwa kwamba hiyo 0.04 ndio uwezekano wa kutopata?, iwe kwamba ukifanya ngono bila kinga na mwenye Vvu Usipopata ni una bahati sana, Kwa nini iwe kupata maambukizi ndio bahati na kutopata ni kawaida?, sababu hasa ni nini?

Duh kumbe probability iko hivyo!?

 

[Mjuni Lwambo]

Duh kumbe probability iko hivyo!?

Kuna link aliiweka inasema hivyo.

 

[tindikalikali]

Kuna link aliiweka inasema hivyo.

sawa mkuu, ila baada ya kusoma uzi huu wote nimepata uelewa mpaka juu ya HIV/AIDS kiukweli nilikuwa mbali sana na uhalisia!!

 

[Kaveli]

Mkuu Aragon, heshima kwako kiongozi.


Mkuu Eiyer alikuuliza hivi :

Tatizo mkuu ni kwamba hawa hawa madaktari ndio wamekuwa wakisema kwenye mijadala mbali mbali ya namna hii kwamba ili uugue TB ni hadi kinga ya mwili ishuke,sasa sijui watasemaje kwenye hili....

Sasa mkuu kama kuna mtu ana TB na kinga yake imeshuka na kushuka kwa kinga hiyo hakujasababishwa na HIV inakuwaje???

Wewe ukamjibu hivi :

Hapo mkuu inabidi udeal na culprit wa kushuka au kudhoofu kwa Kinga kama ni mlevi aache pombe, kama ana ugonjwa wowote unaosababisha kudhoofu kwa Kinga unautibu huo ugonjwa, package mojawapo ya matibabu ni counseling juu ya how to deal with risk factors, ndio maana huwa kuna watu wanashauriwa kuhusu kuacha sigara, kuacha baadhi ya vyakula kwenye matibabu mbali mbali

Mkuu Aragon, I guess wewe ni Daktari by profession. Nafurahi kuona madaktari mnachangia kwenye mada hii ambayo ni very educative kuhusu HIV/AIDS hypothesis.

Nimekuwa interested sana na hayo maelezo yako mkuu, kuna kitu wasomaji wanaweza kujifunza hapo. Naomba utuelimishe kwenye hoja zifuatazo, basing on your knowledge & professionalism.

Hapo kwe RED, nilivyokuelewa mimi ni kwamba mbali na HIV, kumbe kuna 'other factors' zinazoweza kushusha/kudhoofisha kinga ya mwili. Now kwa faida ya wasomaji wa uzi huu, naomba unieleweshe kwenye mambo yafuatayo. Ni vizuri ujibu hoja zote kwa mtililiko kama zilivyo, usijumuishe majibu, yaani jibu kila hoja kama ilivyo (per question):

1. JE, 'Immuno Deficiency' na 'Immuno Supression' ni kitu kimoja au ni tofauti ??

2. JE, kwa lugha ya kiswahili, Immuno Deficiency / Immuno Supression ndo Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini yaani UKIMWI ??

3. Mbali na HIV, je ni factors zipi zingine zinazosababisha Immuno Deficiency or Immuno Supression ??

4. 'Immuno Deficiency' inajitokeza ndani ya neno AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). JE, kuna linkage yeyote kati ya Immuno Deficiency na AIDS ??


Natanguliza shukrani kwako doctor Aragon.

DARASA HURU!

mzee wa kigonzile , everlenk , Deception , color.bash , tindikalikali, Ntuzu , iCode , H1N1 ,

 

[Kaveli]

Wadau

nimeufuatilia na kuusoma uzi huu kuanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho. Nimetambua kuwa nimebahatika kupata nafasi kama msomaji kujifunza mengi na kupanua ufahamu wangu juu ya somo la HIV/AIDS. Pamoja na yote niwapongeze Kaveli, Mzee wa Kigonzile, Eiyer, Pakamwam, Mkuyati og, Deception na wengineo wengi kwa michango yao na hoja nyingi walizozitoa humu katika kutoa elimu na taaluma pia

Shukrani sana mkuu kwa kuuona umuhimu wa uzi huu. Nafurahi kusikia kuwa umejifunza mengi katika mada hii juu ya HIV/AIDS hypothesis. Na nafurahi sana kuona wachangiaji wanalumbana kwa hoja za msingi kabsa na wasomaji wanapata uelewa mpana kuhusu Ukimwi.

Karibu sana mkuu, tuendelee kushea knowledge with neutral mind, basing on uhalisia na uzoefu huko 'site' . Then wasomaji wataelewa kwa undani kuhusu suala hili la Ukimwi.

Knowledge is power !

 

[Kaveli]

Kaveli ulianzisha huu uzi ukiwa na malengo mazuri na ya msingi, lakini bahati mbaya umeingia kwenye lindi la madktari wa vitabu na hoja za kufikirika bila uchunguzi.

Swala la vvu/ukimwi kama kinadharia mnasema ni ugonjwa wa kufikirika lakini kiuhalisia upo na wengine madhara yake tumeyapata. Ninavyoandika hapa nina shemeji yangu ni mgonjwa mahututi. Hitoria ya ugonjwa wake; Miaka 15 iliyopita alipimwa na kugundulika ana vvu wakati huo kinga zilikuwa juu, akaambiwa asiwe na shaka ila akapewa taratibu za kuishi na hali hiyo bila kutumia dawa yoyote. Miaka 5 baadae akaanza kuugua magonjwa tofauti kwa vipindi vifupi, hali ilikuwa mbaya sana daktari walimwanzishia arv. Baada ya kuanza kutumia hizo dawa hali yake ilitengemaa kabisa na kuendelea na maisha.

Mwaka mmoja uliopita aliacha arv akidai yeye ni mzima na hakuwa na sababu ya kuendelea kutumia dawa. Miezi miwili iliyopita ile hali ya kuugua imemrudia kwa nguvu kuliko mwanzo na hali yake ni mbaya sana. Na niko naye hapa silali ninauguza!!

Ujumbe kwa hawa madaktari wetu wa huku mitandaoni;
Jaribuni kuwapa watu kile kitakachowasaidia kihalisia na sio nadharia kama mnavyofanya hapa. Mtaua wengi.

Mkuu Ngorunde, salaamu kaka.

Malengo ya uzi huu bado ni yale yale mkuu, kwamba wasomaji wajifunze kwa mapana kuhusu Ukimwi. Mimi nipo neutral kabsa katika kujenga hoja zangu zenye kuutafuta ukweli. Nachokoza pande zote mbili kwa hoja za msingi without biasness ili wasomaji wasome na kuelewa vizuri. So, I still heed on the main objective of this informative topic.


Ila kwa kukumbusha tu, kuna hoja za mkuu Deception ambazo bado hujazijibu. Hoja za deception hizi hapa:

Siku zote huwa nawaambia watu kama ninyi kwamba; Kuona si kuelewa,au waswahili wanasema kwamba kukaa karibu na mahakama si kujua sheria.Huwa ninasema mara nyingi kwamba,ili uone au usikie kitu na kukielewa inabidi uwe na elimu/uelewa wa kutosha kuhusu kitu hicho.

Sasa soma kwa makini hapa chini ujue tatizo lako liko wapi;

1.".....shemeji yangu ni mgonjwa mahututi...."

Shemeji yako anasumbuliwa na ugonjwa/magonjwa gani?Yataje.Kusema tu mahututi haitoshi.Halafu taja matatizo yake halisi,usiniambie anasumbuliwa na HIV au UKIMWI,sema hasa anaumwa ugonjwa/magonjwa gani,yataje yote.

2."...Miaka 15 iliyopita alipimwa na kugundulika ana vvu..."

Sasa hapa ni vizuri ungetaja sababu zilizomfanya yeye aende kupima,jambo hili ni muhimu sana hata kama utalidharau.Pia ingekuwa vizuri sana ungetuelezea bila kutuficha/kutudanganya kuhusu aina ya maisha aliyokuwa anaishi huyo ndugu yako hasa kwenye suala la misosi,vinywaji,matumizi ya madawa mbalimbali ya hospitali nk kabla hajaenda kupima.Na je,wakati alikuwa anaenda kupima alikuwa na ugonjwa wowote?Mambo haya ni ya msingi pia tukayajua.Usifiche chochote kile kwa lengo la kunikwamisha.

3."....wakati huo kinga zilikuwa juu.."

Hapa inabidi utuambie wazi kwamba ni kinga ilikuwa juu au CD4 zilikuwa juu?Fahamu kwamba kinga ya mwili kwa ujumla ni tofauti na CD4 pekee,unalijua hilo.CD4 pekee sio kinga ya mwili.Sasa tuambie aliambiwaje kuhusu kinga yake,usiseme tu kwamba kinga iko juu,kusema hivi kwa mtu kama mimi unakuwa bado hujasema kitu cha maana.

4."..Miaka 5 baadae akaanza kuugua magonjwa tofauti..."

Narudia tena,yataje hayo magonjwa tofauti ni magonjwa gani?

5."...hali ilikuwa mbaya sana daktari walimwanzishia arv. Baada ya kuanza kutumia hizo dawa hali yake ilitengemaa kabisa na kuendelea na maisha...."

Hapa lazima kuna kitu umekiacha:Kama kweli alikuwa anaumwa magonjwa tofauti,lazima daktari alimpa mgonjwa dawa nyingine za kutibu hayo magonjwa ukiachilia mbali hizo ARVs alizopewa.Tuweke wazi hapa,usifiche,alipewa dawa gani nyingine tofauti na hizo ARVs?Hawezi kupona magonjwa yake hayo kwa kula ARVs pekee,hawezi.Tuambie alipewa dawa gani nyingine.

6."...Mwaka mmoja uliopita aliacha arv.."

Sasa hii ndio sehemu muhimu kuwa makini kusikiliza/kutafakari ili uelewe.Kwa maelezo yako inamaanisha mgonjwa alitumia ARVs kwa miaka takribani 9.Kwa mtu aliyetumia ARVs kwa miaka 9,tayari mwili wake utakuwa umeshajengengewa ARVs dependence/utegemezi mkubwa sana kwenye ARVs,au tunaweza kusema kwamba mwili wake/kinga yake imeshapata addiction kubwa sana kutokana na matumizi ya ARVs kiasi kwamba akiacha ghafla bila shaka lazima baada ya muda usiozidi mwaka 1 ataanza kupata matatizo fulani.Baadhi ya matatizo haya huwa yanaendana kabisa na yale yanawapata watu wanaotumia dawa za kulevya halafu wakaacha ghafla.Matatizo haya hayamaanishi kwamba eti virusi vimeongezeka,la hasha,ni addictive effects tu,si kingine.

Baadhi ya matatizo haya ni kama vile,upungufu wa damu,kukohoa sana,kuwashwa mwilini,homa,kukonda,matazizo ya ini,figo,cancer yoyote na mengine mengi kutegemea na mgonjwa alikuwa anaishi vipi.

7."...Miezi miwili iliyopita ile hali ya kuugua imemrudia..."

Sasa hapa ni vyema ukatuambia anaumwa magonjwa gani hasa.Fahamu pia magonjwa haya hayawezi kutibiwa kwa kupewa tena ARVs,lazima apewe tiba husika za magonjwa husika.Kama ana upungufu wa damu basi aongezewe damu au madini ya chuma/folic acid nk.Madaktari wanalijua hilo,lakini hawampi ARVs kutibu tatizo hilo.Kama anakohoa watampa tiba husika na vivyo hivyo kwa magonjwa mengine.

Sasa tuambie ana magonjwa gani?

8."...Na niko naye hapa silali ninauguza!!.."

Pole sana kwa matatizo hayo.Lakini pia,kwa lengo ni kumnusuru mgonjwa,si vibaya tukashirikiana ushauri.Naomba uniambie anaumwa kitu/vitu/magonjwa gani hasa.Kumbuka,hamna mtu anayeumwa ukimwi,watu huumwa magonjwa yatokanayo na ukimwi bila kujali ukimwi huo umesababishwa na nini(VVU/HIV hasababishi ukimwi).Sasa yataje hayo magonjwa.

Fahamu kwamba,usahihi wa ushauri haujali ni mahali gani umeupata,hata kama umeupata hapa mtandaoni usahihi wake utabaki palepale.

Hebu tuanzie hapo kwanza,mgonjwa anaumwa magonjwa gani?Pia uko naye nyumbani au hospitali?

Please mkuu Ngorunde, jibu hoja hizo za deception kuhusu huyo mgonjwa wako.
Maswali yanayoulizwa humu na majibu yanayotolewa humu, ndo core ground kwa wasomaji kujifunza na kuelewa.

 

[Aragorn son of Arathorn]

1. JE, 'Immuno Deficiency' na 'Immuno Supression' ni kitu kimoja au ni tofauti ??

2. JE, kwa lugha ya kiswahili, Immuno Deficiency / Immuno Supression ndo Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini yaani UKIMWI ??

3. Mbali na HIV, je ni factors zipi zingine zinazosababisha Immuno Deficiency or Immuno Supression ??

4. 'Immuno Deficiency' inajitokeza ndani ya neno AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). JE, kuna linkage yeyote kati ya Immuno Deficiency na AIDS ??


Natanguliza shukrani kwako Aragon.

DARASA HURU!
Mkuu Kaveli ntajaribu kukujibu shortly, naomba nijibu kwa ujumla kama hautalidhika ntarudi point moja moja.
Unajua kinga ya mwili ni somo kubwa sana, ila kwa ufupi niilezee kinga ya mwili inayokuwa provided na seli Hai nyeupe za damu ((white Blood Cells), hizi seli nazo ni collective term zipo za aina tofauti kuna lymphocyte, neutrophils, eosinophils n.k, na hata hizo lymphocyte nazo zipo kwenye magroup madogo madogo mengi tu.
Hizi seli Hai nyeupe za damu zinatukinga na magonjwa mbali mbali.
sasa unaposema immunodeficiency ni term Pana sana, zipo conditions Zaidi ya 100 za immunodeficiency, zimegawanywa kwenye makundi makubwa mawili ambayo ni primary and secondary disorders, primary ni unazaliwa nazo na cause ya most of them ni genetic defect au mutation katika seli hizo nyeupe au products ya seli hizo(antibodies au kuna kitu kinaitwa complement).
Hizo conditions ni very rare (nafikiri kiswahili chake ni nadra sana kutokea), Secondary disorder zinatokana na external source(kitu ambacho hujazaliwa nacho) mfano AIDS, cancer, baadhi ya sumu etc unapozungumzia AIDS ni aina ya immunodeficiency lakini hii Unai-acquire na Unai-acquire after being infected with a virus ambaye ndio tunamwita HIV.
kwenye hizo immunodeficiency nyingine ambazo ni nadra sana kutokea, mtu anapata mara kwa mara maambukizi au infection of certain kind kutegemea na kilichokosekana, kikikosekana kitu ambacho kinakusaidia kukukinga na bacteria wa aina flani basi utapata hayo maambukizi mara kwa mara.
Nadhani wachangiaji wengine waliitumia hiyo term ya ukimwi kwa conditions zote hizo ili waweze kueleweka Zaidi.
Nb: kwenye hiyo AIDS pia S ni syndrome na maana ya syndrome ni kwamba ni mjumuisho wa dalili ambazo zinatokana na ugonjwa flani au condition flani (group of symptoms and signs which correlate with a certain disease)

 

[Ngorunde]

Mkuu Ngorunde, salaamu kaka.

Malengo ya uzi huu bado ni yale yale mkuu, kwamba wasomaji wajifunze kwa mapana kuhusu Ukimwi. Mimi nipo neutral kabsa katika kujenga hoja zangu zenye kuutafuta ukweli. Nachokoza pande zote mbili kwa hoja za msingi without biasness ili wasomaji wasome na kuelewa vizuri. So, I still heed on the main objective of this informative topic.


Ila kwa kukumbusha tu, kuna hoja za mkuu Deception ambazo bado hujazijibu. Hoja za deception hizi hapa:



Please mkuu Ngorunde, jibu hoja hizo za deception kuhusu huyo mgonjwa wako.
Maswali yanayoulizwa humu na majibu yanayotolewa humu, ndo core ground kwa wasomaji kujifunza na kuelewa.

Ni kweli lengo ni kujifunza...lakini kwa bahati mbaya mgonjwa wangu amefariki, tumemzika jana.

Nimalize kwanza msiba nitarudi Kaveli

 

[Chambo81]

Ni kweli lengo ni kujifunza...lakini kwa bahati mbaya mgonjwa wangu amefariki, tumemzika jana.

Nimalize kwanza msiba nitarudi Kaveli

Pole sana mkuu Ngorunde kwa kufiwa na ndugu yako!

 

[H1N1]

Ni kweli lengo ni kujifunza...lakini kwa bahati mbaya mgonjwa wangu amefariki, tumemzika jana.

Nimalize kwanza msiba nitarudi Kaveli

Pole sana mkuu Ngorunde

 

[color.bash]

1. JE, 'Immuno Deficiency' na 'Immuno Supression' ni kitu kimoja au ni tofauti ??

2. JE, kwa lugha ya kiswahili, Immuno Deficiency / Immuno Supression ndo Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini yaani UKIMWI ??

3. Mbali na HIV, je ni factors zipi zingine zinazosababisha Immuno Deficiency or Immuno Supression ??

4. 'Immuno Deficiency' inajitokeza ndani ya neno AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). JE, kuna linkage yeyote kati ya Immuno Deficiency na AIDS ??


Natanguliza shukrani kwako Aragon.

DARASA HURU!
Mkuu Kaveli ntajaribu kukujibu shortly, naomba nijibu kwa ujumla kama hautalidhika ntarudi point moja moja.
Unajua kinga ya mwili ni somo kubwa sana, ila kwa ufupi niilezee kinga ya mwili inayokuwa provided na seli Hai nyeupe za damu ((white Blood Cells), hizi seli nazo ni collective term zipo za aina tofauti kuna lymphocyte, neutrophils, eosinophils n.k, na hata hizo lymphocyte nazo zipo kwenye magroup madogo madogo mengi tu.
Hizi seli Hai nyeupe za damu zinatukinga na magonjwa mbali mbali.
sasa unaposema immunodeficiency ni term Pana sana, zipo conditions Zaidi ya 100 za immunodeficiency, zimegawanywa kwenye makundi makubwa mawili ambayo ni primary and secondary disorders, primary ni unazaliwa nazo na cause ya most of them ni genetic defect au mutation katika seli hizo nyeupe au products ya seli hizo(antibodies au kuna kitu kinaitwa complement).
Hizo conditions ni very rare (nafikiri kiswahili chake ni nadra sana kutokea), Secondary disorder zinatokana na external source(kitu ambacho hujazaliwa nacho) mfano AIDS, cancer, baadhi ya sumu etc unapozungumzia AIDS ni aina ya immunodeficiency lakini hii Unai-acquire na Unai-acquire after being infected with a virus ambaye ndio tunamwita HIV.
kwenye hizo immunodeficiency nyingine ambazo ni nadra sana kutokea, mtu anapata mara kwa mara maambukizi au infection of certain kind kutegemea na kilichokosekana, kikikosekana kitu ambacho kinakusaidia kukukinga na bacteria wa aina flani basi utapata hayo maambukizi mara kwa mara.
Nadhani wachangiaji wengine waliitumia hiyo term ya ukimwi kwa conditions zote hizo ili waweze kueleweka Zaidi.
Nb: kwenye hiyo AIDS pia S ni syndrome na maana ya syndrome ni kwamba ni mjumuisho wa dalili ambazo zinatokana na ugonjwa flani au condition flani (group of symptoms and signs which correlate with a certain disease)

Labda kwa kuongezea alichesema Daktari wetu hapo juu....

- immunodeficiency ni upungufu/ukosefu wa kinga ya mwili (bila kujali nini kimesababisha)
- immunosuppression ni hali ya kupunguza/kuondoa/kuharibu kinga ya mwili ambayo aidha inaweza kuwa kwa kukusudia (katika hali fulani fulani madaktari wanaweza kutoa dawa za kupunguza aina fulani ya kinga ili mwili uweze kukubali upandikizaji wa kiungo cha mwili - mfano figo, ini n.k.) au bila kukusudia(kutokanayo na maradhi, ugonjwa, vijidudu ama vimelea mwilini)

 

[Eiyer]

Ni kweli lengo ni kujifunza...lakini kwa bahati mbaya mgonjwa wangu amefariki, tumemzika jana.

Nimalize kwanza msiba nitarudi Kaveli

Pole sana mkuu....

 

[Eiyer]

Wakuu Aragon na color.bash kuna kitu najiuliza sana hapa...

Nakumbuka madaktari walisema hapa kuwa TB kabla haijapatiwa dawa na chanjo watu walikuwa wanaugua sana na kufa lakini baada ta kupatiwa chanjo vifo vya kusababishwa na hata maradhi viliidha kabisa kwasababu unapopewa chanjo mwili unatengeneza askari maalumu kwaajili ya hao bakteria na kuwasambaratisha.....

Wakaendelea kusema kuwa karibia kila mmoja wetu ana hawa wadudu wa bakteria mwilini lakini hatuugui kwasababu hiyo na tutaugua tu pale kinga ya miili yetu itakapopata tatizo

Lakini wakasema kuna kundi la watu ambao wako kwenye hatari ya kuugua maradhi haya,wakasema kundi hili ni lile la wale watu wanaouguza wagonjwa wa maradhi haya ya TB kwasababu wapo kwenye nafasi ya kuambukizwa na wagonjwa hao...

Sasa najiuliza,kwanini sisi ambao tupo huku mitaani na tunakuwa exposed na hawa wadudu kila mara na wakati mwingine tunakuwa nao kwenye miili yetu na hatuugui lakini hawa wanaouguza hawa wagonjwa wawe kwenye hatari ya kupata haya maginjwa wakati wadudu ni wale wale na sote tuna kinga ya chanjo?

Pili,inaonekama huwezi kuugua kama umepewa chanjo kwasababu ya mwili kutengeneza askari maalum wa kupambana na magonjwa haya labda tu kinga yako iwe chini na ni ile inayosababishwa na hiv,mbona kuna watu wanaugua wengi tu na wana chanjo na hawana hiv?

Habu nisaidieni hapo kwanza wakuu.........

 

[mj wandaz]

sipo kwa ajili ya kupambana.somaarticle niliyokutumia hapoo juu. utaelewa ninachokisema ni nini. unatakiwa kuelewa hili. pia naomba uache kudanganya watuuuuLaboratory DiagnosisEvidence of infection by HIV can be detected in three ways: (1) virus isolation, (2) serologic determination of antiviral antibodies, and (3) measurement of viral nucleic acid or antigens.Virus IsolationHIV can be cultured from lymphocytes in peripheral blood (and occasionally from specimens from other sites). The numbers of circulating infected cells vary with the stage of disease (Figure 44–5). Higher titers of virus are found in the plasma and in peripheral blood cells of patients with AIDS as compared with asymptomatic individuals. The magnitude of plasma viremia appears to be a better correlate of the clinical stage of HIV infection than the presence of any antibodies (Figure 44–7). The most sensitive virus isolation technique is to cocultivate the test sample with uninfected, mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Primary isolates of HIV grow very slowly compared with laboratory-adapted strains. Viral growth is detected by testing culture supernatant fluids after about 7–14 days for viral reverse transcriptase activity or for virus-specific antigens (p24).Figure 44–7. Pattern of HIV antibody responses related to the course of HIV infection. (PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes.)(Reproduced, with permission, from Weiss RA: How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273.) The vast majority of HIV-1 antibody-positive persons will have virus that can be cultured from their blood cells. However, virus isolation techniques are time-consuming and laborious and are limited to research studies. PCR amplification techniques are more commonly used for detection of virus in clinical specimens.SerologyTest kits are commercially available for measuring antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). If properly performed, these tests have a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 98%. When EIA-based antibody tests are used for screening populations with a low prevalence of HIV infections (eg, blood donors), a positive test in a serum sample must be confirmed by a repeat test. If the repeat EIA test is reactive, a confirmation test is performed to rule out false-positive EIA results. The most widely used confirmation assay is the Western blot technique, in which antibodies to HIV proteins of specific molecular weights can be detected. Antibodies to viral core protein p24 or envelope glycoproteins gp41, gp120, or gp160 are most commonly detected.The response pattern against specific viral antigens changes over time as patients progress to AIDS. Antibodies to the envelope glycoproteins (gp41, gp120, gp160) are maintained, but those directed against the Gag proteins (p17, p24, p55) decline. The decline of anti-p24 may herald the beginning of clinical signs and other immunologic markers of progression (Figure 44–7).Simple, rapid tests for detecting HIV antibodies are available for use in laboratories ill-equipped to perform EIA tests and in settings where test results are desired with little delay. The simple tests can be performed on blood or oral fluid and are based on principles such as particle agglutination or immunodot reactions. The most recent developments are rapid tests that can detect HIV antibodies in whole blood specimens that require no processing. These tests can be performed outside the traditional laboratory setting.Home testing kits are available. The procedure involves placing drops of blood from a finger prick on a specially treated card. The card is then mailed to a licensed laboratory for testing.The mean time to seroconversion after HIV infection is 3–4 weeks. Most individuals will have detectable antibodies within 6–12 weeks after infection, whereas virtually all will be positive within 6 months. HIV infection for longer than 6 months without a detectable antibody response is very uncommon.Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid or AntigensAmplification assays such as the RT-PCR, DNA PCR, and bDNA tests are commonly used to detect viral RNA in clinical specimens. The RT-PCR assay uses an enzymatic method to amplify HIV RNA; the bDNA assay amplifies viral RNA by sequential oligonucleotide hybridization steps. The tests can be quantitative when reference standards are used; appropriate positive and negative controls must be included with each test. These molecular-based tests are very sensitive and form the basis for plasma viral load determinations. HIV sequence heterogeneity may limit the sensitivity of these assays to detect HIV infections. The HIV RNA levels are important predictive markers of disease progression and valuable tools with which to monitor the effectiveness of antiviral therapies.Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers can be accomplished using plasma HIV-1 RNA tests. The presence of maternal antibodies makes serologic tests uninformative.Low levels of circulating HIV-1 p24 antigen can be detected in the plasma by EIA soon after infection. The antigen often becomes undetectable after antibodies develop (because the p24 protein is complexed with p24 antibodies) but may reappear late in the course of infection, indicating a poor prognosis.Laboratory DiagnosisEvidence of infection by HIV can be detected in three ways: (1) virus isolation, (2) serologic determination of antiviral antibodies, and (3) measurement of viral nucleic acid or antigens.Virus IsolationHIV can be cultured from lymphocytes in peripheral blood (and occasionally from specimens from other sites). The numbers of circulating infected cells vary with the stage of disease (Figure 44–5). Higher titers of virus are found in the plasma and in peripheral blood cells of patients with AIDS as compared with asymptomatic individuals. The magnitude of plasma viremia appears to be a better correlate of the clinical stage of HIV infection than the presence of any antibodies (Figure 44–7). The most sensitive virus isolation technique is to cocultivate the test sample with uninfected, mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Primary isolates of HIV grow very slowly compared with laboratory-adapted strains. Viral growth is detected by testing culture supernatant fluids after about 7–14 days for viral reverse transcriptase activity or for virus-specific antigens (p24).Figure 44–7. Pattern of HIV antibody responses related to the course of HIV infection. (PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes.)(Reproduced, with permission, from Weiss RA: How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273.) The vast majority of HIV-1 antibody-positive persons will have virus that can be cultured from their blood cells. However, virus isolation techniques are time-consuming and laborious and are limited to research studies. PCR amplification techniques are more commonly used for detection of virus in clinical specimens.SerologyTest kits are commercially available for measuring antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). If properly performed, these tests have a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 98%. When EIA-based antibody tests are used for screening populations with a low prevalence of HIV infections (eg, blood donors), a positive test in a serum sample must be confirmed by a repeat test. If the repeat EIA test is reactive, a confirmation test is performed to rule out false-positive EIA results. The most widely used confirmation assay is the Western blot technique, in which antibodies to HIV proteins of specific molecular weights can be detected. Antibodies to viral core protein p24 or envelope glycoproteins gp41, gp120, or gp160 are most commonly detected.The response pattern against specific viral antigens changes over time as patients progress to AIDS. Antibodies to the envelope glycoproteins (gp41, gp120, gp160) are maintained, but those directed against the Gag proteins (p17, p24, p55) decline. The decline of anti-p24 may herald the beginning of clinical signs and other immunologic markers of progression (Figure 44–7).Simple, rapid tests for detecting HIV antibodies are available for use in laboratories ill-equipped to perform EIA tests and in settings where test results are desired with little delay. The simple tests can be performed on blood or oral fluid and are based on principles such as particle agglutination or immunodot reactions. The most recent developments are rapid tests that can detect HIV antibodies in whole blood specimens that require no processing. These tests can be performed outside the traditional laboratory setting.Home testing kits are available. The procedure involves placing drops of blood from a finger prick on a specially treated card. The card is then mailed to a licensed laboratory for testing.The mean time to seroconversion after HIV infection is 3–4 weeks. Most individuals will have detectable antibodies within 6–12 weeks after infection, whereas virtually all will be positive within 6 months. HIV infection for longer than 6 months without a detectable antibody response is very uncommon.Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid or AntigensAmplification assays such as the RT-PCR, DNA PCR, and bDNA tests are commonly used to detect viral RNA in clinical specimens. The RT-PCR assay uses an enzymatic method to amplify HIV RNA; the bDNA assay amplifies viral RNA by sequential oligonucleotide hybridization steps. The tests can be quantitative when reference standards are used; appropriate positive and negative controls must be included with each test. These molecular-based tests are very sensitive and form the basis for plasma viral load determinations. HIV sequence heterogeneity may limit the sensitivity of these assays to detect HIV infections. The HIV RNA levels are important predictive markers of disease progression and valuable tools with which to monitor the effectiveness of antiviral therapies.Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers can be accomplished using plasma HIV-1 RNA tests. The presence of maternal antibodies makes serologic tests uninformative.Low levels of circulating HIV-1 p24 antigen can be detected in the plasma by EIA soon after infection. The antigen often becomes undetectable after antibodies develop (because the p24 protein is complexed with p24 antibodies) but may reappear late in the course of infection, indicating a poor prognosis.

....mkuu unaweka maelezo magumu sana na yame-base sana kwny kiingereza na kisayansi mno kiasi kwmb km mtu hujaenda shule hum ni tatzo....#tunaomba utoe maelezo ya kawaida na yenye lugha nyepesi ili tuielewe kwa pamoja mana huu uzi umewavutia wengi mno#. Ahsante