Hili ni andiko la Dr Adelaus Kilangi,mkurugenzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Mtakatifu Augustine tawi la Arusha,mwanasheria kitaaluma aliyebobea kwenye sheria za madini!
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Wandugu,
1. Nitaomba tuvumiliane. Niliombwa kusema kitu. Nitaandika kwa kirefu kidogo. Kwa kuwa ninaandika muda huu, nina advantage ya kuwa nimesoma maoni mengine yaliyotangulia.
Nilicheka sana kaka yangu Ngwilimi aliposema halali hadi nimetoa maoni. Sipendi kumkosesha usingizi. Nitaandika kwa paragraphs ili kurahisisha rejea.
2. Nimeangalia maoni mbalimbali yaliyotolewa humu. Yanagusa maeneo yafuatayo:
i)Statement ya Acacia.
ii)Suala la sovereignty over natural resources na tatizo la 'state capture'.
ii) Suala la smelting na mchanga wa makinikia.
iv)Nini tunaweza kufanya kwenye mikataba:
- kuvunja mikataba?
- kushitaki kwa kutuibia?
- ku-review mikataba?
- au kuweka mikataba wazi?
vi) Sheria za kimataifa.
3. Haya ni mambo mengi na mazito. Sio rahisi kuya-summarize kwenye text ya simu. Pia ni vema kukubaliana kuwa kwenye mjadala kama huu itikadi, vyama na mihemuko iwekwe pembeni. Hoja zitawale.
4. Sitaingia kwenye mtego wa kulaumu au kutetea mtu. Nitajikita kwenye masuala ya msingi yanayotengeneza chimbuko la tatizo. Matatizo katika sekta yetu ya Madini, kama ilivyo ktk nchi nyingi zinazoendelea, nyingi zikiwa Africa, na Tanzania ikiwemo, yana chanzo chake ktk maeneo matatu:
i) Falsafa inayotuongoza,
ii) Sheria inayotuongoza.
iii) Mfumo wa utawala.
FALSAFA INAYOTUONGOZA
5. Malalamiko kuwa nchi zinazoendelea na zenye kumiliki resources zinapunjwa hayakuanza leo. Yalianza miaka ya 1950. Haya yalipelea kuibuka kwa falsafa mbili: resource nationalism na resource liberalism. Kila moja ina implications kwenye sheria na kwenye namna nchi itasimamia raslimali zake.
6. Wale wa resource nationalism walitaka nchi iwe na mamlaka kamili kwa resources zao na ziwasaidie na wakatengeneza principle ya permanent sovereignty over natural resources. Walitaka mambo haya yasimamiwe zaidi na sheria za nchi.
7. Wale wa resource liberalism wanataka raslimali ziwe wazi kwa dunia nzima maana mgawanyo wake duniani hauna usawa (japokuwa wao wamelinda teknolojia yao).
8. Katika vision ya nchi, nchi inachagua falsafa ya kufuata. Falsafa inayofuatwa huathiri sera na sheria.
9. Baada ya Uhuru Tanzania ilifuata falsafa ya resource nationalism hadi 1979. Kuanzia 1979 Tanzania ikaanza kufuata resource liberalism baada ya shinikizo la World Bank na IMF chini ya kitu kinaitwa Washington Consensus. Falsafa hii ilifikia kilele miaka ya 1990 mwishoni. Kwa hiyo ikaathiri sera na sheria.
10. Kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 2000 nchi imejaribu kurudi kwenye resource nationalism lakini inakwama. Sasa hivi resource nationalism sentiments ziko very high.
SHERIA INAYOTUONGOZA
11. Kama nilivyosema, falsafa huja kuathiri Sera na Sheria. Sheria muhimu hapa ni (nitachanganya lugha kidogo hapa):
i) investment law
ii) mining/petroleum law
iii) tax law.
Investment Law
12. Hiki ni chanzo kikubwa cha ugomvi. Nchi zilizoendelea zimeshinikiza uwepo wa mfumo wa sheria wenye kugandamiza nchi zinazoendelea. Mfumo huu unagawanyika kama ifuatavyo na kila kipande kina matatizo makubwa na mengi.
i) Customary international law. Humu kuna principles nyingi ambazo nchi inaweza kuambiwa kuwa imezivunja. Nchi zilizoendelea na zinazoendelea zinagombana juu ya principles hizi.
ii) multilateral framework. Hapa kuna mikataba ya mataifa mengi. Tanzania ni mwanachama Wa mikataba miwili yaani unaoanzisha Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) na unaoanzisha International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
iii) bilateral framework. Hii ni mikataba kati ya nchi na nchi (bilateral investment treaties - BITs. Ila inawalinda wawekezaji toka nchi hizo mbili. Nchi inaweza kushindwa kesi sio sababu ya mikataba ila kwa sababu ya BITs.
iv) National framework
(mining and petroleum acts) - hizi zina certain aspect fulani za investment.
v) State-investor agreements (tunayoita mikataba na wawekezaji).
Wengi tunaangalia hii tu. Hatuangalii hizo frameworks zingine ambazo baadaye zinatukandamiza.
Pia, framework No. i, ii, na iii ziko chini ya himaya ya sheria za kimataifa.
Mining/petroleum law
12. Mining and petroleum law hutengenezwa na nchi yenye resources. Lakini nchi zilizoendelea huwa zina-influence mno zoezi la utngenezaji sheria hizi, maana hizo ndio hutoa mineral or petroleum rights. Wako tayari hata kuidanganya nchi kwa misaada wanayojua tunahitaji sana.
Wanaweza kutudanganya kuwa wanatupatia technical support. Kumbe wanatutengenezea sheria itakayowezesha kutuibia.
Tax Law
13. Tax law ni Eneo jingine ambalo linatumika sana kutuibia. Mnapokuwa mnatengeneza sheria zenu za kodi hawa jamaa hawaachi kuwazungukieni na kuwa-influence.
MFUMO WA UTAWALA
14. Kuna tatizo kubwa sana linalozikumba hasa nchi za Africa na baadhi ya zinazoendelea zilizo nje ya Africa. Hili ni tatizo la 'state capture'. Kama ilivyo concept ya 'river capture' kwenye geography, basi state capture means influence by the elite or business people or investors such that the state (led by its government) fails to think on its own and it follows the thinking of the group that has captured it.
15. Wakati wa kufuata falsafa ya resource liberalism, Tanzania iliingia kwenye total 'state capture'. Ndio kusema tuliondoa kichwa chetu tukaweka kichwa kingine. Tukawa tunafikiri kwa mfumo wa hicho kichwa kingine. Sasa tumeanza kurudisha kichwa chetu.
SUALA LA MCHANGA WA MADINI
Utangulizi
16. Suala hili wote tunajua background yake. Kamati ya Pili natumaini itafanya kazi ya na uchambuzi Wa kutosha.
Mchanga kwenye Madini ni Mali ya nani?
17. Principle ya 'permanent sovereignty over natural resources inasema huu ni Mali ya nchi. Article 27 of the Constitution of the URT inachukua mwelekeo huo huo. Hata Section 5 of the Mining Act says the same. And the same position was in Mining Acts za 1998 na 1979. Zile za kabla ya Hapo ziikuwa zinazungumzia mwingereza.
18. Hata hivyo kuna ubishi kuwa pale nchi inaposaini state-investor agreement (Mineral Development Agreement) na kutoa mineral rights je nchi inakabidhi sovereignty yote kwa companies. Makampuni yatasema 'ndiyo'. Nchi zinatakiwa ziseme 'hapana'.
19. Mineral rights means rights to extract minerals and sell them. Does it include transporting them outside the country in order to extract minerals? I don't think if contracts say so.
And if they do, that defeats the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources!
Nini Tunaweza kufanya kuhusu mikataba?
20. Kuivunja? Hatuwezi kuivunja. Tumesaini mkataba wa MIGA na wa ICSID. Tutashtakiwa kwa kuvunja customary law principle ya 'fair and equitable treatment', na 'state responsibility' na ya 'respect for acquired rights'. Tutapelekwa mbele ya ICSID na kuhukumiwa, kisha tutaminywa na MIGA itakayokamata mali zetu popote zilipo.
21. Kuwashtaki makampuni kwa kutudanganya? Tunaweza, na tutatumia argument kuwa wamevunja customary law principle ya 'good faith and prohibition of abuse of rights'. Lakini wakisema uchunguzi wa mchanga tumeufanya kwa upande mmoja wanaweza kushinda.
22. Ku-review mikataba? Lazima tuwe tume -incorporate kwenye mkataba kipengele kinachohusiana na doctrine ya 'clausula rebus sic stantibus'. Hii ni doctrine inayoruhusu ku-review mkataba kama conditions Fulani zikibadirika. Lazima kifungu hiki kiwe kwenye mikataba. Hawa jamaa walihakikisha hakimo kwenye mikataba yetu. Kwa hiyo ukianza process ya ku-review unilaterally watasema umevunja principle ya 'fair and equitable treatment'.
23. Kuiweka wazi mikataba ili watu wote waione? Investors wataegemea kwenye principle of confidentiality of investment agreements. Hii principle IPO katika international law. Ingawa sasa kuna mabishano makubwa. Wengine wanaipinga. Ndio maana japokuwa tuna sheria mpya ya uwazi na uwajibikaji - Extractive Industries (Transparency and Accountability) Act, 2015, ambayo inasema mikataba yote iwekwe wazi, makampuni yamekataa kwa kusema kuwa wakati wanasaini mikataba hiyo sheria hiyo haikuwepo. Mnavyojua sheria hairudi kinyume. Kumbe watadai bado canal in sea na principle hiyo.
24. Kwa hiyo kumbe tunaweza kufanya nini sasa? KAMA ALIVYOSEMA MHESHIMIWA RAIS, HII VITA, NA HII NILIYOTOA HAPA NDIO PICHA HALISI YA VITA HII.
Basi wandugu siku nyingine msinitafute ili nitoe Maoni yangu. Vinginevyo mjiandae kusoma kitabu.
Dr. Adelatus Kilangi
Mwalimu wangu kwa vile unafundisha chuo nilichosoma asante kwa maelezo yako ya kitaalamu.
Kwa ufahamu wangu naona hapa ni vita kati ya Sayansi, sheria, biashara na UTAIFA.
Nini tufanye
Tuifanye biashara hiyo sisi wenyewe kwa kuweka mtaji bila hivyo tutatumbuana sana.
Botswana wameweza
Jedwali Na.12 Umiliki wa Makampuni ya Madini Botswana
1. kampuni
Debswana Diamond LTD
Wenye hisa
Serikali ya Botswana (50%) De Beers (50%)
madini
Almasi, makaa ya mawe, shaba na nikeli
2. Bamangwato Concession ltd
wenye hisa
Serikali ya Botswana (30%)
Anglo american (30%)
Wengine (40%)
Madini
Nikeli na kobati
3.Tati Nickel Mining Co.
Wenye hisa
Serikali ya Botswana (15%)
Canadian Lionore Mining International (41%)
Anglo American (43%)
Wengine (1%)
Madini
Nikeli na kobati
Kwa kuangalia hapo juu ni dhahiri kuwa serikali ya Botswana imewekeza katika biashara ya uchimbaji wa madini katika nchi yake hivyo kustahili kupata mgawo sawa na ukubwa wa uwekezaji wake. Wabotswana hawapewi mgao wa asilimia 50 kutokana na mauzo ya almasi kwa sababu tu almasi ipo Botswana bali ni kwa sababu wamewekeza katika uchimbaji wa almasi.
Sisi ni Nationalism Nationalism- tumetumia nationalism tukapata uhuru bado tunauwana tu
Mwalimu wangu niruhusu nitoe mfano mwingine kwa kizungu unachokifahamu vuzuri pia
Let us preface ourselves with a remarkable case study from South Africa.
Bafokeng is a small tribe in South Africa of around 150,000 (300,000 if it include these in Zimbabwe) people that for a long time have occupied an area of around 1,200 square kilometers north west of Johannesburg. Underneath their dwellings, shrubs, grazing land, and arable land, sits the world’s largest deposit of platinum.
The area was invaded by whites who displaced the indigenous. When the Bafokeng were displaced their King dispatched the brightest young men to work in diamond mines in order to earn money with it they could buy back their land.
Meanwhile in 1925 mineral explores discovered the platinum and started mining it in 1960s; the Bafokeng had repossessed their land and were in the long legal battle for gaining the mineral right. They got it in 1999 through the court of law. The loyalty they earned from the mineral rights was converted into shares. As of now Bafokeng as tribe owns 13.2 percent stake in the Impala Platinum, the world’s second largest platinum miner on top of getting 22 percent of loyalty.
Bafokeng is guided by Vision 2020 that challenges the Bafokeng people to reduce their dependency on their diminishing mineral assets and to become a self-sufficient community within the first 20 years of this century, whilst also maintaining the Bafokeng culture.
The main areas of emphasis of Vision 2020 fall into the following areas: Investment diversification; Economic Development; Education Planning; Infrastructure Development/Master Plan; Health and Social Planning; and Crime Free Environment.
The Bafokeng has established a sovereign wealth fund, Royal Bafokeng Holdings (RBH), which is responsible for overseeing the growth and maintenance of the community’s income streams. RBH has invested royalties and dividends in a number of projects, and in civic administration and social services. These include: Royal Bafokeng Sports, which is in charge of sport development among the residents of the area; Royal Bafokeng Administration (RBA), which is principally a town planning unit charged with service delivery and monitoring the progress of the Master Plan across all the regions. And Royal Bafokeng Institute (RBI), whose goal is to improve education and learning in the Royal Bafokeng Nation. Bafokeng have also recruited several manufacturing companies as part of a drive to expand the nation's exports beyond raw materials.
The gaining of the mineral rights was the first step and probably the easiest one. The second step was to ensure sustainability: What does the Loyal queen mother say:-
“I keep telling the women of the Nation: if we spend all the money what will happen? What will happen tomorrow? Platinum is not our wealth, our wealth is through leadership”
The third step was to make everyone see it that he or she is benefiting from the fight for regaining the land and subsequent mineral rights as well as the communal investment that made to day:
· Bafokeng the wealthiest tribe in Africa
· Bafokeng public rise their expectation to live a lavish life style
· Public to put pressure for swift and more distribution of wealth to individuals
The loyal king provides the leadership where he says:
“We are facing a challenging situation. The expectations are bigger and bigger. All we have to do is ask people to exercise constraint, but this is hard to sell to people with high expectation. (Russell, 2009: 157-180).
From the above case study we can have some few question to help us find answers to the issues of sustainability that are always overlooked.
Again, the issue of nationalism did not play in the favor of Bafokeng, they had to invest using income generated from the loyalty.
What are we doing with the loyalty we have gained so far- tumekula tu mwalimu
MAONI YANGU
Turudi kwenye sayansi
Invest ili ule jasho yako