Tucopy na kupaste sample ya IGA ya UK (Muingereza) na UAE (Mwarabu) katika uwekezaji, japo ni ya mwaka 1992, lakini inafundisha uzalendo kwa nchi zao

[Mayor Quimby]

mkuu narudia, mie ni mtanzania sina chama, natumia uelewa wangu wa kujaribu kusaidia taifa, najua hapa kuna watu wengi wanasoma, na pengine wanaweza kujifunza na tukatembea pamoja kama taifa, mimi na wewe tayari tuna maisha angalia vizazi zijavyo vinategemea rasilimali hizi hizi.

ulicho nipa nirejee ni sheria za mikataba ya kimataifa, sheria hizi ni mwongozi wa kutambua uhalali wa mikataba ya nchi na nchi. au wa nchi mbalimbli. tuna bilateral treaties na multilateral treaties lakini mikataba hii ikiwekwa kwa maana ya uwekezaji, ndio inaitwa bilateral investment treaties, au multilateral investment laws. ( unaitaji uwelewa wa sheria kujua hizi pia)

kwa hiyo huwezi kutumia vienna convention ya mwaka 1969 kuinstitute case yako eti nchi imebreach kwenye uwekezaji, hizo ni sheria za miongozo ya kutambua mkataba halali, ndio maana tunarejea, kuwa nchi haina capacity, instruments, validity, na vingine unavikuta huko. sio sheria specific


my concern is that, na narudia tena kuwa hatuna sheria za investment za kimataifa common to all countries, au best put, hatuna multilateral investment laws common to all binding to all nations, kama internation criminal laws, na nyingine nyingi


hivyo nchi zimepewa uhuru wa kuingia mikataba yaani bilateral investment. hicho ulichonitumia nirejee ni kama law of contract ya tanzania, mkuu. sawa

Una complicate mambo sana.

Mleta mada: umeandika tuige sheria IGA (which is BIT) ya uingereza.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza hiyo BIT ya uingereza na IGA ya Tanzania hazina tofauti na misingi ya zote mbili VCLT 1969. Tofauti ya BIT na IGA are the former is generic, whereas the latter is specific to a project.

Mleta mada: umesema BIT ya uingereza ina muda wa miaka 10.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza japo hiyo BIT ina miaka 10. Lakini investment zitakazoingiwa sheria hiyo hiyo bado ni enforceable kwa 20 baadae toka kuisha kwake kwa mikitaba iliyoingiwa.

Mchangiaji: baada ya miaka 20 kutakuwa na negotiations nyingine kama kuna investments zina endelea ambapo BIT aitakuwa na nguvu as an ‘implied term’ ya mkataba (that’s the whole purposes ya sheria yeyote kwenye mkataba).

Mchangiaji: nini kitatokea pasipo na BIT wanasheria makini watatumia kanuni za law of contract ku draft terms za kuendeleza hiyo mikataba ambapo swala la usuluhishi wa migogoro watahakikisha ni neutral venue kama ilivyo kwenye BIT/IGA yeyote. Na kutakuwa na kipengele kinachoelezea mkataba unavyoweza kuisha nikakutajia na namna tatu ambazo ni completetion of performance, a frustrating event and a serious breach (sasa kuna mambo mengi hapo ya kimazingira kwenye kila aspect).

But then yote hayo yapo pia kwenye IGA ya Tanzania yameandikwa tofauti tu.

Mikataba ya biashara rules zake ni principle za contract law; ata hizo sheria zina codify tu principles ambazo nyingi vyanzo vyake ni case laws za uingereza (mostly) na marekani (in small instances).

 

[happyxxx]

Hakuna tofauti yoyote na ya Tanzania.

Hiyo BIT ni general investments, whereas IGA is specific; lakini articles ni zile zile kwenye utekelezaji.

BIT ina miaka 10 but then mikataba itakayoingiwa ndani ya muda husika sheria hiyo hiyo itatumika kwa miaka 20 tangu kuisha kwake.

Mikataba itakayoendelea baada ya miaka 20 international laws itatumika.

Ni hivi:

Kusipokuwa na ratification ya treaties cha msingi ni sehemu ya usuluhishi. Lakini kwenye terms na clauses ata bila ya treaties utakuta mambo yale yale ambayo yapo kwenye treaties kama unatumia wanasheria makini.

Ata bila ya treaties mikataba inaisha kwa namna tatu:
(i) Shughuli za mkataba zinapoisha (performance).
(ii) a frustrating event
(iii) a breach of condition (if the victim chooses to do so).

Mambo hayo hayo yapo kwenye IGA ukisoma yameandikwa kivingine tu specifically kwa mradi husika.

Hiyo IGA aina shida yoyote, tatizo ni uwezo wa wanasheria wa Tanzania tu. If anything huu mjadala wa IGA una expose our limitations kwenye maswala ya mikataba ya kibiashara.

Nielimishe,IGA ina tofauti gani na contract? Na kwa nini makubaliano yalipelekwa bungeni yanakuwa sheria au inakuwaje?

 

[Mayor Quimby]

Nielimishe,IGA ina tofauti gani na contract? Na kwa nini makubaliano yalipelekwa bungeni yanakuwa sheria au inakuwaje?

IGA = Treaty

IGA sio contract it’s an agreement

Contract has ‘consideration’ (value of exchange), IGA doesn’t have consideration so it can’t be a contract on its own.

A treaty needs to be ratified under VCLT 1969 if its to become valid.

By ratifying a treaty inakuwa sheria ya nchi kwa jambo husika (enforceable), not on its own though; bali unapoingia mikataba ya kibiashara baadae.

Kilichomo kwenye IGA (kwa sababu ni sheria, after ratification) kinakuwa ni aspects za ‘implied term’ kwenye mkataba itakayoingiwa mbeleni (otherwise IGA on its own is useless).

Kingine muhimu kwenye hiyo mikataba ya baadae ni consideration terms za kwenye concession agreement mtakazokubaliana huko mbele ambacho hakipo kwenye IGA (actually consideration ndio sababu kubwa ya migogoro).

 

[HANGAYA THE CHIEF]

IGA = Treaty

IGA sio contract it’s an agreement

Contract has ‘consideration’ (value of exchange), IGA doesn’t have consideration so it can’t be a contract on its own.

A treaty needs to be ratified under VCLT 1969 if its to become valid.

By ratifying a treaty inakuwa sheria ya nchi kwa jambo husika (enforceable), not on its own though; bali unapoingia mikataba ya kibiashara baadae.

Kilichomo kwenye IGA (kwa sababu ni sheria, after ratification) kinakuwa ni aspects za ‘implied term’ kwenye mkataba itakayoingiwa mbeleni (otherwise IGA on its own is useless).

Kingine muhimu kwenye hiyo mikataba ya baadae ni consideration terms za kwenye concession agreement mtakazokubaliana huko mbele ambacho hakipo kwenye IGA (actually consideration ndio sababu kubwa ya migogoro

Una complicate mambo sana.

Mleta mada: umeandika tuige sheria IGA (which is BIT) ya uingereza.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza hiyo BIT ya uingereza na IGA ya Tanzania hazina tofauti na misingi ya zote mbili VCLT 1969. Tofauti ya BIT na IGA are the former is generic, whereas the latter is specific to a project.

Mleta mada: umesema BIT ya uingereza ina muda wa miaka 10.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza japo hiyo BIT ina miaka 10. Lakini investment zitakazoingiwa sheria hiyo hiyo bado ni enforceable kwa 20 baadae toka kuisha kwake kwa mikitaba iliyoingiwa.

Mchangiaji: baada ya miaka 20 kutakuwa na negotiations nyingine kama kuna investments zina endelea ambapo BIT aitakuwa na nguvu as an ‘implied term’ ya mkataba (that’s the whole purposes ya sheria yeyote kwenye mkataba).

Mchangiaji: nini kitatokea pasipo na BIT wanasheria makini watatumia kanuni za law of contract ku draft terms za kuendeleza hiyo mikataba ambapo swala la usuluhishi wa migogoro watahakikisha ni neutral venue kama ilivyo kwenye BIT/IGA yeyote. Na kutakuwa na kipengele kinachoelezea mkataba unavyoweza kuisha nikakutajia na namna tatu ambazo ni completetion of performance, a frustrating event and a serious breach (sasa kuna mambo mengi hapo ya kimazingira kwenye kila aspect).

But then yote hayo yapo pia kwenye IGA ya Tanzania yameandikwa tofauti tu.

Mikataba ya biashara rules zake ni principle za contract law; ata hizo sheria zina codify tu principles ambazo nyingi vyanzo vyake ni case laws za uingereza (mostly) na marekani (in small instances).

walimu wana kazi sana

Una complicate mambo sana.

Mleta mada: umeandika tuige sheria IGA (which is BIT) ya uingereza.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza hiyo BIT ya uingereza na IGA ya Tanzania hazina tofauti na misingi ya zote mbili VCLT 1969. Tofauti ya BIT na IGA are the former is generic, whereas the latter is specific to a project.

Mleta mada: umesema BIT ya uingereza ina muda wa miaka 10.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza japo hiyo BIT ina miaka 10. Lakini investment zitakazoingiwa sheria hiyo hiyo bado ni enforceable kwa 20 baadae toka kuisha kwake kwa mikitaba iliyoingiwa.

Mchangiaji: baada ya miaka 20 kutakuwa na negotiations nyingine kama kuna investments zina endelea ambapo BIT aitakuwa na nguvu as an ‘implied term’ ya mkataba (that’s the whole purposes ya sheria yeyote kwenye mkataba).

Mchangiaji: nini kitatokea pasipo na BIT wanasheria makini watatumia kanuni za law of contract ku draft terms za kuendeleza hiyo mikataba ambapo swala la usuluhishi wa migogoro watahakikisha ni neutral venue kama ilivyo kwenye BIT/IGA yeyote. Na kutakuwa na kipengele kinachoelezea mkataba unavyoweza kuisha nikakutajia na namna tatu ambazo ni completetion of performance, a frustrating event and a serious breach (sasa kuna mambo mengi hapo ya kimazingira kwenye kila aspect).

But then yote hayo yapo pia kwenye IGA ya Tanzania yameandikwa tofauti tu.

Mikataba ya biashara rules zake ni principle za contract law; ata hizo sheria zina codify tu principles ambazo nyingi vyanzo vyake ni case laws za uingereza (mostly) na marekani (in small instances).

nashindwa hata nikusaidie nini,una mambo mengi, nadhani pia hujui unataka nini kwenye maswali yako, okay mwanzano nilikujibu kuhusu vclt, 1969 kuwa sio specific law to investment law, coz basement yake ni recognition of international jcontracts,

tofauti ya IGA na BIT unayotaka kuileta nadhani pia hujui, pengine ni lugha au kutokujua, those terms are used interchangeably, shortly, IGA= (Inter-governmental), inter ni prefix yenye maana ya between, kwa sababu neno linalofuata ni government, it means between two government, na agreement ( ambayo wengi mnachanganya na kudanganya watu, ni makubaliano, hapana ni mkataba, = kwa hiyo ni mkataba baina ya nchi mbili.

neno Bilateral (Bi-lateral), etymologically is from latin lingua, bi-means two, na lateral (two sides), na treaty (means agreement), kwa hiyo literally iko translated as agreement between two sides.

hizo terms zote katika sheria za mkataba wa kimataifa, for purpose of our discussion yaani uwekezaji zinatumika interchangeably, two means the agreement between two states, ( na hapa ndio vienna convention on law of treaties ina apply)

kwa hiyo mikataba hiyo ila lengo la kulinda uwekezaji, hakuna kitu kinachoitwa specific or generic. these are ground for protection of investors as against the host government.
they all bound by vienna na ndio rationale ya kwenda bungeni, to make concluded as such.

pili mkuu, unatupiga za mbavu, mikataba ya uwekezaji na mikataba ya biashara ina tofauti sana, japo inarandana, principle and rules zake ni tofauti, they may bave a baseline on the law of contract kwa sababu ni ndio msingi wa mikataba yote but they depart, kwa maana ya nature ya investment na biashara ziko tofauti.

tatu mkuu, fanya homework yako vizuri kwenye discharge ya contract, mikataba ya uwekezaji need serious mind, reliance on copy and paste ya completion of perfomance? serious breach? and frustration of contracts. ( lazima mpigwe kama akili ndio hizi kama ngoma ya DPW). imekula kweli hiyo boss.

iga ya uk, na UAE na kwetu na dubai ni vitu viwili tufauti, kuanzia kwenye compliance to the law of vienna of 1969, to the patriotism of the whole contract. kimsingi tumepigwa, mchana kweupe.
nendeni mkatoe elimu vijijini, watanzania wawaelewe, kula hawaitaji sana minds, upande wa khanga biashara kwishiney

 

[HANGAYA THE CHIEF]

IGA = Treaty

IGA sio contract it’s an agreement

Contract has ‘consideration’ (value of exchange), IGA doesn’t have consideration so it can’t be a contract on its own.

A treaty needs to be ratified under VCLT 1969 if its to become valid.

By ratifying a treaty inakuwa sheria ya nchi kwa jambo husika (enforceable), not on its own though; bali unapoingia mikataba ya kibiashara baadae.

Kilichomo kwenye IGA (kwa sababu ni sheria, after ratification) kinakuwa ni aspects za ‘implied term’ kwenye mkataba itakayoingiwa mbeleni (otherwise IGA on its own is useless).

Kingine muhimu kwenye hiyo mikataba ya baadae ni consideration terms za kwenye concession agreement mtakazokubaliana huko mbele ambacho hakipo kwenye IGA (actually consideration ndio sababu kubwa ya migogoro).

Acha kumlisha matango pori mwenzako kauliza very serious, with innocent mind.
, IGA ni Mkataba, be serious pls, unataka kusema dpw wakianza kuoperate tukavunja makubaliano ya hiyo IGA hawawezi kutushitaki? wataondoka tu sababu ni makubaliano?

( makubaliano ya nchi mbili ni mkataba) rejea vienna convention on the law of treaties, 1969. kasome definition ya states, how is dubai identified, some instruments, ule ni mkataba.
kumbuka sio kila makubaliano ni mkataba ila makubaliano yenye nguvu ya kisheria ni mkataba. ( all agreements that can be enforced in the eyes of law is contract)

makubaliano yeyote yenye nguvu ya kisheria ni mkataba, angalia kwenye IGA ya JMT na Dubai Emirate, dispute settlement zina kazi gani?, choice of forum zina kazi gani?, choice of law zina kazi gani? rights and obligation zina kazi gani, hizi zote silent element za mkataba. huu ndio upotoshaji mkubwa unaofanywa na wanazi wa waungaji mkono wa DPW.
pande yeyote ikivunja mkataba huu inaweza kushtaki, na ikalipwa. na kwa bahati mbaya mkataba huu umeelemea upande mmoja, na tumejiweka kwenye nafasi ya kushitakiwa, maana ukipita huu mkataba rais yeyote akifuata lazima autupilie mbali.

 

[Fundi Mchundo]

Ile ni Bilateral Agreement

Unajua maana ya Bilateral Agreement?

Amandla...

 

[Fundi Mchundo]

walimu wana kazi sana

nashindwa hata nikusaidie nini,una mambo mengi, nadhani pia hujui unataka nini kwenye maswali yako, okay mwanzano nilikujibu kuhusu vclt, 1969 kuwa sio specific law to investment law, coz basement yake ni recognition of international jcontracts,

tofauti ya IGA na BIT unayotaka kuileta nadhani pia hujui, pengine ni lugha au kutokujua, those terms are used interchangeably, shortly, IGA= (Inter-governmental), inter ni prefix yenye maana ya between, kwa sababu neno linalofuata ni government, it means between two government, na agreement ( ambayo wengi mnachanganya na kudanganya watu, ni makubaliano, hapana ni mkataba, = kwa hiyo ni mkataba baina ya nchi mbili.

neno Bilateral (Bi-lateral), etymologically is from latin lingua, bi-means two, na lateral (two sides), na treaty (means agreement), kwa hiyo literally iko translated as agreement between two sides.

hizo terms zote katika sheria za mkataba wa kimataifa, for purpose of our discussion yaani uwekezaji zinatumika interchangeably, two means the agreement between two states, ( na hapa ndio vienna convention on law of treaties ina apply)

kwa hiyo mikataba hiyo ila lengo la kulinda uwekezaji, hakuna kitu kinachoitwa specific or generic. these are ground for protection of investors as against the host government.
they all bound by vienna na ndio rationale ya kwenda bungeni, to make concluded as such.

pili mkuu, unatupiga za mbavu, mikataba ya uwekezaji na mikataba ya investment ina tofauti and principle and rules zake ni tofauti, they may bave a baseline on the law of contract kwa sababu ni msingi, lakini haziko sawa kwa maana ya nature ya investment na biashara.

tatu mkuu, fanya homework yako vizuri kwenye discharge ya contract, mikataba ya uwekezaji need serious mind, reliance on copy and paste ya completion of perfomance? serious breach? and frustration of contracts. ( lazima mpigwe kama akili ndio hizi).

iga ya uk, na UAE na kwetu na dubai ni vitu viwili tufauti, kuanzia kwenye compliance to the law of vienna of 1969, to the patriotism of the whole contract. kimsingi tumepigwa, mchana kweupe.
nendeni mkatoe elimu vijijini, watanzania wawaelewe.

Unajipotezea muda tu kujaribu kumuelewesha ingawa sisi wengine tunakushukuru.

Amandla...

 

[HANGAYA THE CHIEF]

Unajua maana ya Bilateral Agreement?

Amandla...

kwani unadhani ni kitu cha ajabu unachojua wewe tu? ni bilateral boss, kasome VCLT, 1969 na soma mchakato wake ndio uje kutudanganya tena,

ila ni bilateral mkuu.

 

[Mayor Quimby]

walimu wana kazi sana

nashindwa hata nikusaidie nini,una mambo mengi, nadhani pia hujui unataka nini kwenye maswali yako, okay mwanzano nilikujibu kuhusu vclt, 1969 kuwa sio specific law to investment law, coz basement yake ni recognition of international jcontracts,

tofauti ya IGA na BIT unayotaka kuileta nadhani pia hujui, pengine ni lugha au kutokujua, those terms are used interchangeably, shortly, IGA= (Inter-governmental), inter ni prefix yenye maana ya between, kwa sababu neno linalofuata ni government, it means between two government, na agreement ( ambayo wengi mnachanganya na kudanganya watu, ni makubaliano, hapana ni mkataba, = kwa hiyo ni mkataba baina ya nchi mbili.

neno Bilateral (Bi-lateral), etymologically is from latin lingua, bi-means two, na lateral (two sides), na treaty (means agreement), kwa hiyo literally iko translated as agreement between two sides.

hizo terms zote katika sheria za mkataba wa kimataifa, for purpose of our discussion yaani uwekezaji zinatumika interchangeably, two means the agreement between two states, ( na hapa ndio vienna convention on law of treaties ina apply)

kwa hiyo mikataba hiyo ila lengo la kulinda uwekezaji, hakuna kitu kinachoitwa specific or generic. these are ground for protection of investors as against the host government.
they all bound by vienna na ndio rationale ya kwenda bungeni, to make concluded as such.

pili mkuu, unatupiga za mbavu, mikataba ya uwekezaji na mikataba ya investment ina tofauti and principle and rules zake ni tofauti, they may bave a baseline on the law of contract kwa sababu ni msingi, lakini haziko sawa kwa maana ya nature ya investment na biashara.

tatu mkuu, fanya homework yako vizuri kwenye discharge ya contract, mikataba ya uwekezaji need serious mind, reliance on copy and paste ya completion of perfomance? serious breach? and frustration of contracts. ( lazima mpigwe kama akili ndio hizi).

iga ya uk, na UAE na kwetu na dubai ni vitu viwili tufauti, kuanzia kwenye compliance to the law of vienna of 1969, to the patriotism of the whole contract. kimsingi tumepigwa, mchana kweupe.
nendeni mkatoe elimu vijijini, watanzania wawaelewe.

Kwa kuanzia kutokana na hoja zako inaonekana foundation ya maswala ya mikataba huna.

Unapoona kuna sheria mahala popote elewa hiyo ni implied term. Ata mkataba wa kimataifa kama hiyo VCLT 1969 uwezi andika treaty bila ya vigezo vya humo for the most part.

Intergovernmental mental agreement na Bilateral Investment Treaty ni kitu kile kile.

Nimekueleza tofauti yake BIT ni general maana yake nini nchi inapoingia makubaliano na nchi nyingine mwekezaji wa kiwanda cha sukari, mkulima, mchimba madini, mvuvi etc atalindwa na na hiyo Treaty kwa sababu aina specification on investment.

IGA ni more specific on project/s atleast kwa hii ya Tanzania; it covers most items ambazo zipo kwenye BIT but centred on the specific investment and one sided on performance.

Both IGA and BIT kwa sababu msingi wake ni VCLT ili zitumike katika nchi husika inahitajika ratification ya mamlaka/taasisi sahihi ili ziwe sheria kwenye nchi.

Dhumuni la kufanya BIT/IGA sheria ni kwa sababu sheria za nchi ni implied terms kwenye mkataba.

Mkataba wa kibiashara/investment (technical term is commercial agreements) vigezo vyake vinavyoitambulisha ni sawa.

Commercial agreements inaisha kwa namna tatu nilizokuelezea; ila hayo mambo matatu yana vipengele vyake vingine na definitions zake, remedies zake (so ina cover mambo mengi sana) kuandika kila kitu ni report and no one has time for that.

 

[Mayor Quimby]

Acha kumlisha matango pori mwenzako kauliza very serious, with innocent mind.
, IGA ni Mkataba, be serious pls, unataka kusema dpw wakianza kuoperate tukavunja makubaliano ya hiyo IGA hawawezi kutushitaki? wataondoka tu sababu ni makubaliano?

( makubaliano ya nchi mbili ni mkataba) rejea vienna convention on the law of treaties, 1969. kasome definition ya states, how is dubai identified, some instruments, ule ni mkataba.
kumbuka sio kila makubaliano ni mkataba ila makubaliano yenye nguvu ya kisheria ni mkataba. ( all agreements that can be enforced in the eyes of law is contract)

makubaliano yeyote yenye nguvu ya kisheria ni mkataba, angalia kwenye IGA ya JMT na Dubai Emirate, dispute settlement zina kazi gani?, choice of forum zina kazi gani?, choice of law zina kazi gani? rights and obligation zina kazi gani, hizi zote silent element za mkataba. huu ndio upotoshaji mkubwa unaofanywa na wanazi wa waungaji mkono wa DPW.
pande yeyote ikivunja mkataba huu inaweza kushtaki, na ikalipwa. na kwa bahati mbaya mkataba huu umeelemea upande mmoja, na tumejiweka kwenye nafasi ya kushitakiwa, maana ukipita huu mkataba rais yeyote akifuata lazima autupilie mbali.

IGA sio mkataba wa kibiashara, bali ni makubaliano ya kuingia kwenye kuingia mkataba wa kibiashara (ndio maana auna consideration). Makubaliano yoyote yasiyo na consideration (value of exchange) uwezi shitaki nayo mtu mahakamani.

Sasa makubaliano ya kibiashara (commercial agreements) yana aina tatu za terms.

1. Expressed terms most common ni consideration hapa ndio mnaelezana A anatoa nini B anatoa nini; na kila mtu anaelewa anapata nini in return.

Ndio maana kila siku mnaambiwa mambo ya muda hayapo kwenye IGA kwa sababu awajakaa kitako kuyajadili. Maana muda unategemea na amount of time in return of investment.

2. Customary terms (Implied terms) hizi ni industry norms ambazo zinatumika ata usipoweka kwenye expressed terms za mkataba. Mfano uwezi kunikodisha shamba halafu unitoe kabla ya kuvuna hiko hakipo na mifano mengine kadha wa kadha.

3. National Laws (implied terms) hizi ni sheria za nchi ambazo zitatumika mfano kodi, matumizi ya ardhi and so forth ambazo zina implications kwenye mkataba ata usipoziweka kwenye expressed terms (unless kuna exclusion exclause).

Sasa IGA/BIT lengo ni hili la tatu kuwa implied terms on future contracts kwa bandari ni ‘project agreements’ za baadae.

Mfano dispute resolution, termination of contract yote yapo kwenye IGA. Kwa maana hiyo hayo mambo hayana ulazima tena wa kuwa expressed kwenye future project agreements. Hila yasingekuwepo kwenye IGA definitely yangekuwa sehemu ya expressed terms.

So BIT inachofanya ni kuwakinga wawekezaji wa kigeni automatic kwenye baadhi ya terms but consideration hiyo ni lazima pande mbili zikae chini kwanza.

 

[HANGAYA THE CHIEF]

Kwa kuanzia kutokana na hoja zako inaonekana foundation ya maswala ya mikataba huna.

Unapoona kuna sheria mahala popote elewa hiyo ni implied term. Ata mkataba wa kimataifa kama hiyo VCLT 1969 uwezi andika treaty bila ya vigezo vya humo for the most part.

Intergovernmental mental agreement na Bilateral Investment Treaty ni kitu kile kile.

Nimekueleza tofauti yake BIT ni general maana yake nini nchi inapoingia makubaliano na nchi nyingine mwekezaji wa kiwanda cha sukari, mkulima, mchimba madini, mvuvi etc atalindwa na na hiyo Treaty kwa sababu aina specification on investment.

IGA ni more specific on project/s atleast kwa hii ya Tanzania; it covers most items ambazo zipo kwenye BIT but centred on the specific investment and one sided on performance.

Both IGA and BIT kwa sababu msingi wake ni VCLT ili zitumike katika nchi husika inahitajika ratification ya mamlaka/taasisi sahihi ili ziwe sheria kwenye nchi.

Dhumuni la kufanya BIT/IGA sheria ni kwa sababu sheria za nchi ni implied terms kwenye mkataba.

Mkataba wa kibiashara/investment (technical term is commercial agreements) vigezo vyake vinavyoitambulisha ni sawa.

Commercial agreements inaisha kwa namna tatu nilizokuelezea; ila hayo mambo matatu yana vipengele vyake vingine na definitions zake and part remedies in some instances (so ina cover mambo mengi sana) kuandika kila kitu ni report and no one has time for that.

mkuu sheria za uwekezaji foundation zake ni mutual agreement between states parties in favour of the investors, or better say protecting investors, kwa sababu nature ya investment ni tofauti kati ya nchi na nchi, hakuna multilateral investment agreement binding to all states, hence states zinaweza amua makubaliano haya.

na ili makubaliano haya yakubaliwe kwenye jicho la sheria, the procedure under VCLT, 1969 ni lazima zicomply, kwa sababu ni states zinaingia.

ukiangalia mkataba wa mchongo tulioingia, hata dubai kimsingi sio nchi amekuwa defined as "state", it means ni agreement between two states parties, on the condition of protecting investors. that why naendelea kukuambia kuwa (inter-na- bi) zote ni lateral (sides) na zote ni treaty (agreement) entered between two states or government essentially they are one. the same are used interchangeably. na sifa zao za mikataba hii ni nchi zinaingia, kwa ajili ya entities. kwa hiyo yote ni mikataba, na zote ni sheria after ratification, and they acquire the same status, and can be tested before a competent forum.

narudia tena investment ni specific field, and not general when comes to its peculiarity, fanya homework yako vizuri its more than commercial agreement ni investment agreement ndio maana crafting yake ni tofauti.

acha kukariri kuhusu discharge, narudia tena investment contract may be simiral to commercial contract, but they are different things, ndio maana mkataba wa JMT na Dubai umekuwa mgumu kwa wataalamu wetu, ndio maana waarabu katupiga mchana kweupe, kwa kwenda na falacy ya generalization that investment ni commercial

 

[Fundi Mchundo]

kwani unadhani ni kitu cha ajabu unachojua wewe tu? ni bilateral boss, kasome VCLT, 1969 na soma mchakato wake ndio uje kutudanganya tena,

ila ni bilateral mkuu.

Nilyemuuliza swali alikuwa anadai mkataba kati ya UK na UAE ni Bilateral Agreement wakati IGA kati ya URT na Dubai sio Bilateral Agreement. Ndio maana nilimuuliza kama anajua maana ya Bilateral Agreement. Sasa kama unakubaliana nae basi tuelimishe sisi ambao sio learned kama ninyi kwa nini moja ni Bilateral Agreement na nyingine sio wakati zote ni mikataba kati ya "two parties".

Amandla...

 

[HANGAYA THE CHIEF]

Nilyemuuliza swali alikuwa anadai mkataba kati ya UK na UAE ni Bilateral Agreement wakati IGA kati ya URT na Dubai sio Bilateral Agreement. Ndio maana nilimuuliza kama anajua maana ya Bilateral Agreement. Sasa kama unakubaliana nae basi tuelimishe sisi ambao sio learned kama ninyi kwa nini moja ni Bilateral Agreement na nyingine sio wakati zote ni mikataba kati ya "two parties".

Amandla...

wasemaji wa DPW wanapotosha sana,
sikubaliani nae kabisa, kwangu narudi kwenye lugha fupi tu sana tena sio ya kisheria ya kihesabu, uliyosomea mkuu


ngoja niiweke kwenye hesabu, (inter-government), kuna maneno mawili yaani, inter ikimaanisha between, kwa hiyo (Inter + governmental)= agreement between the governments,
therefore, intergoverment agreement = agreement between states, (kwa kingereza between inatumika panapokuwa na vitu viwili.

bilateral, etymologically limetokana na kilatini, bi means two, lateral means (sides)+ treaty (agreement at the level of state)= agreement between two states.

therefore, intergovernment agreement = bilateral agreement.

zote ni bilateral treaty, na ndio maana IGA kati ya Dubai na JMT imekwenda bungeni kwa mujibu wa ibara ya 63 (3) (e) ili kukidhi takwa la kisheria, zote zimenacquire status za sheria after the ratification, IGA ni katiba ya sheria za uwekezaji, IGA ni Protection of investor as against the host government.

the words are used interchangeably mkuu, terms zote zinamaanisha mkataba baini ya mataifa mawili, au serikali mbili, na makubaliano yeyote kati ya mataifa mawili yenye nguvu ya kisheria yanaitwa treaty

 

[Mayor Quimby]

mkuu sheria za uwekezaji foundation zake ni mutual agreement between states parties in favour of the investors, or better say protecting investors, kwa sababu nature ya investment ni tofauti kati ya nchi na nchi, hakuna multilateral investment agreement binding to all states, hence states zinaweza amua makubaliano haya.

na ili makubaliano haya yakubaliwe kwenye jicho la sheria, the procedure under VCLT, 1969 ni lazima zicomply, kwa sababu ni states zinaingia.

ukiangalia mkataba wa mchongo tulioingia, hata dubai kimsingi sio nchi amekuwa defined as "state", it means ni agreement between two states parties, on the condition of protecting investors. that why naendelea kukuambia kuwa (inter-na- bi) zote ni lateral (sides) na zote ni treaty (agreement). the same are used interchangeably. na sifa zao za mikataba hii ni nchi zinaingia, kwa ajili ya entities. kwa hiyo yote ni mikataba, na zote ni sheria after ratification, and they acquire the same status, and can be tested before a competent forum.

narudia tena investment ni specific field, and not general when comes to its peculiarity, fanya homework yako vizuri its more than commercial agreement ni investment agreement ndio maana crafting yake ni tofauti.

acha kukariri kuhusu discharge, narudia tena investment contract may be simiral to commercial contract, but they are different things, ndio maana mkataba wa JMT na Dubai umekuwa mgumu kwa wataalamu wetu, ndio maana waarabu katupiga mchana kweupe, kwa kwenda na falacy ya generalization that investment ni commercial

Mkubwa nadhani tunaongea kitu kimoja ila tuna tofauti ndogo; mainly due to your position on what you think is an investment contract and that is what steering you to a different conclusion to mine (which is the right one).

Yes kila nchi inaweza kuwa na sera zake tofauti za uwekezaji na nyingine zina malengo ya kuwavutia wawekezaji hilo sibishii.

Mfano sheria ikisema mwekezaji anaruhusiwa capital allowance mpaka ya dollar million moja hilo swala alihitaji kuliweka kwenye mkataba kwa sababu litakuwa kwenye finance act so it’s an implied term au kama ata pata grace-period kwenye tax hilo pia litakuwa kwenye sheria so alitakuwepo kwenye mkataba.

Kama kuna mambo ambayo hayapo kisheria then hizo privilege zitakuwa expressed kwenye mkataba kwenye majadiliano ya concession agreement/project agreement or whatever to do with the commercial contract.

What’s a commercial agreement (contract) ni mkataba wowote wenye value of exchange. Ata makubaliano ya wewe na mtoto wako kwenda kufunga geti la nyumba kila siku halafu baada ya week unampa tsh 10000 provided mmeandikiana au kuna shahidi; usipomlipa anaweza kwenda mahakamani.

Kinachoangaliwa ni five elements of contract; offer, acceptance, consideration, legality and capacity; provided those five elements are present thats a commercial agreement.

So even a $42 billion dollar investment will have those features and that’s what counts.

Makubaliano yoyote ya utakayoyaita ya kibiashara hasa yasiyo na consideration hayawezi kuwa enforced in the court of the law.

IGA and BIT usually don’t have consideration but might have other elements of what constitute as an elements of a commercial contract. But without a consideration it’s not a contract.

What a BIT/IGA does is to eliminate the need of having unnecessary repetitive expressed terms.
Mfano itaonyesha issues za ‘business efficacy’ ya mkataba wenyewe, ‘exclusion and limitations clauses’, dispute resolution process, legal capacity ya kuingia mkataba, stabilisation clauses, termination and so forth. Na ndio mambo yaliyo kwenye IGA kwa sehemu kubwa.

Lakini hakuna consideration terms, hakuna maelezo ya kina kuhusu maswala conditions, warranties and innominate terms. Hayo mambo definitions zake yatakuwa huko kwenye expressed terms za concession agreements.

Na hayo yaliyo kwenye IGA kwa sababu ni sheria ya huo uwekezaji so hizo articles ni implied terms za concession agreement za baadae.

Ndio maana mnaambiwa mambo bado hayaja kamilika. Na hiyo IGA as yet responsibility ya serikali kwa sasa ni kukaa chini na kujadili huo uwekezaji ila hawana lazima ya kukubali wanaweza sema consideration terms sio nzuri kwa TPA so atuwezi ingia mikataba ya project agreement. Ikipita miezi 12 toka isainiwe hakuna project agreement yeyote hiyo IGA aina nguvu tena kisheria.

 

[Setin]

Mheshimiwa Mkuu wa Morogoro Adam Malima ametuasa kwa upendo mkubwa sana kuwa katika suala la mikataba hawa waarabu ( jamaa ) sio wajomba zetu, binafsi nimesoma IGA ya ushirikiano katika uwekezaji kati ya UK na UAE, nimegundua waarabu wako serious wanapokutana na nchi zilizo serious na wanaheshima sana, na wana ujinga mwingi wakikutana na nchi zilizo na ujinga mwingi, ambazo haziko serious na rasilimali zao.

ukisoma IGA yao, japo ya zamani kila kitu kipo sawa na very simple. angalia capacity, ( nchi ndio zimeingia mkataba), tofauti ya JMT na Dubai (ukiuliza utaambiwa katiba yao inaruhusu kuingia mikataba ya kimataifa), time ya IGA kati UK na UAE ni miaka kumi ya kwetu (ya milele)au utaisha project zao zitakapoisha, viongozi waliosaiini upande JMT ni wakuu wa nchi, DUBAI ni Director wa bandari za dpw.

leo fikiria tangu mwaka 1992 miaka 30 baadae tunaingia mkataba wa kulitia taifa aibu kwenye rasilimali zetu wenyewe kwa kasi ya 5G.

nimeambatanisha nakala ya IGA hapo chini kwa rejea

​

Mkuu una akili timamu, mzalendo.

 

[Setin]

Una complicate mambo sana.

Mleta mada: umeandika tuige sheria IGA (which is BIT) ya uingereza.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza hiyo BIT ya uingereza na IGA ya Tanzania hazina tofauti na misingi ya zote mbili VCLT 1969. Tofauti ya BIT na IGA are the former is generic, whereas the latter is specific to a project.

Mleta mada: umesema BIT ya uingereza ina muda wa miaka 10.
Mchangiaji: nimekueleza japo hiyo BIT ina miaka 10. Lakini investment zitakazoingiwa sheria hiyo hiyo bado ni enforceable kwa 20 baadae toka kuisha kwake kwa mikitaba iliyoingiwa.

Mchangiaji: baada ya miaka 20 kutakuwa na negotiations nyingine kama kuna investments zina endelea ambapo BIT aitakuwa na nguvu as an ‘implied term’ ya mkataba (that’s the whole purposes ya sheria yeyote kwenye mkataba).

Mchangiaji: nini kitatokea pasipo na BIT wanasheria makini watatumia kanuni za law of contract ku draft terms za kuendeleza hiyo mikataba ambapo swala la usuluhishi wa migogoro watahakikisha ni neutral venue kama ilivyo kwenye BIT/IGA yeyote. Na kutakuwa na kipengele kinachoelezea mkataba unavyoweza kuisha nikakutajia na namna tatu ambazo ni completetion of performance, a frustrating event and a serious breach (sasa kuna mambo mengi hapo ya kimazingira kwenye kila aspect).

But then yote hayo yapo pia kwenye IGA ya Tanzania yameandikwa tofauti tu.

Mikataba ya biashara rules zake ni principle za contract law; ata hizo sheria zina codify tu principles ambazo nyingi vyanzo vyake ni case laws za uingereza (mostly) na marekani (in small instances).

Kwanini usaini IGA na Memorandum?


Una akili timamu?

 

[Mayor Quimby]

Kwanini usaini IGA na Memorandum?


Una akili timamu?

Sina

 

[zithromax]

Wapo wanaosema kuwa uraisi ni taasisi lakini naamini taasisi yeyote ikiongozwa na mtu mwenye upeo/uelewa/elimu ndogo lazima kutakuwa na hitilafu.

Uimara wa kitu chochote ni uthabiti wa kiongozi wake.

Ifikie wakati tukiri kuwa kuna mtu kavalishwa viatu vikubwa kuliko miguu yake. Jinsi vinavyompwaya itafikia muda vitamkwaa na kumuangusha kabisa. Na ni afadhali aanguke mwenyewe kuliko kuangusha taifa lote.

Wale nyumbu bado watakuja kusifia mama anafanya kazi nzuri sijui hiyo kazi nzuri ni ipi hata

 

[Setin]

Sina

Sorry, uko vizuri, nilitaka maoni yako.

 

[HANGAYA THE CHIEF]

Mkubwa nadhani tunaongea kitu kimoja ila tuna tofauti ndogo; mainly due to your position on what you think is an investment contract and that is what steering you to a different conclusion to mine (which is the right one).

Yes kila nchi inaweza kuwa na sera zake tofauti za uwekezaji na nyingine zina malengo ya kuwavutia wawekezaji hilo sibishii.

Mfano sheria ikisema mwekezaji anaruhusiwa capital allowance mpaka ya dollar million moja hilo swala alihitaji kuliweka kwenye mkataba kwa sababu litakuwa kwenye finance act so it’s an implied term au kama ata pata grace-period kwenye tax hilo pia litakuwa kwenye sheria so alitakuwepo kwenye mkataba.

Kama kuna mambo ambayo hayapo kisheria then hizo privilege zitakuwa expressed kwenye mkataba kwenye majadiliano ya concession agreement/project agreement or whatever to do with the commercial contract.

What’s a commercial agreement (contract) ni mkataba wowote wenye value of exchange. Ata makubaliano ya wewe na mtoto wako kwenda kufunga geti la nyumba kila siku halafu baada ya week unampa tsh 10000 provided mmeandikiana au kuna shahidi; usipomlipa anaweza kwenda mahakamani.

Kinachoangaliwa ni five elements of contract; offer, acceptance, consideration, legality and privity; provided those five elements are present thats a commercial agreement.

So even a $42 billion dollar investment will have those features and that’s what counts.

Makubaliano yoyote ya utakayoyaita ya kibiashara hasa yasiyo na consideration hayawezi kuwa enforced in the court of the law.

IGA and BIT usually don’t have consideration but might have other elements of what constitute as an elements of a commercial contract. But without a consideration it’s not a contract.

What a BIT/IGA does is to eliminate the need of having unnecessary repetitive expressed terms.
Mfano itaonyesha issues za ‘business efficacy’ ya mkataba wenyewe, ‘exclusion and limitations clauses’, dispute resolution process, legal capacity ya kuingia mkataba, stabilisation clauses, termination and so forth. Na ndio mambo yaliyo kwenye IGA kwa sehemu kubwa.

Lakini hakuna consideration terms, hakuna maelezo ya kina kuhusu maswala conditions, warranties and innominate terms. Hayo mambo definitions zake yatakuwa huko kwenye expressed terms za concession agreements.

Na hayo yaliyo kwenye IGA kwa sababu ni sheria ya huo uwekezaji so hizo articles ni implied terms za concession agreement za baadae.

Ndio maana mnaambiwa mambo bado hayaja kamilika. Na hiyo IGA as yet responsibility ya serikali kwa sasa ni kukaa chini na kujadili huo uwekezaji ila hawana lazima ya kukubali wanaweza sema consideration terms sio nzuri kwa TPA so atuwezi ingia mikataba ya project agreement. Ikipita miezi 12 toka isainiwe hakuna project agreement yeyote hiyo IGA aina nguvu tena kisheria.

mkuu naona nitarudia maneno yaleyale niliyoyatamka hapo juu, shida tunatofautiana kwenye understanding ya specific discipline on investment law,:
na tatizo kubwa ya investment laws is an archaic law but very recently discovered, kwa mfano bilateral investment ya kwanza ni kati ya German na pakistan, ya mwaka 1959. ni shida sana kwa nchi zetu na ndio maana tunapigwa sana kwenye mahakama za kimataifa, na hata kuingia mikataba hii, kwa mfano IGA na BIlateral ni shida kuelewa, hata bunge limehangaika, tunaambia makubaliano wengine mkataba, wengine mkataba, wengine ni makubalino, yaani ni shida sana.

mkataba wetu ni kichekesho mkuu, ni aibu sana kusema umeingiwa na wanasheria. am sure an investment lawyer can not enter into such agreement mkuu.

kwa faida ya rejea zako naomba tafuta vitabu hivi, these are legal puritan in investment laws, soma taratibu, chukua muda wako taratibu, ni self teaching books; they will teach step by step and all practical aspect za investment laws. utaona vizuri tofauti ya commercial law na investment laws, utagundua kama taifa tumekwama wapi, vinauzwa online you can buy mkuu,

1. Thomas machi (2021), vademecum of international investmet, University of West bohemia,
2. Cristina Elena Popa Tache (2020), Introduction to international investment law
3. Qiang Pen (2018), Public interest in international investment law: Balancing protection for investor and enrironment

ciao