In How to Read the Bible, Harvard professor James Kugel leads the reader chapter by chapter through the "quiet revolution" of recent biblical scholarship, showing time and again how radically the interpretations of today's researchers differ from what people have always thought. The story of...
www.jameskugel.com
How to Read the Bible
Scholars from different fields have joined forces to reexamine every aspect of the Hebrew Bible. Their research, carried out in universities and seminaries in Europe and America, has revolutionized our understanding of almost every chapter and verse. But have they killed the Bible in the process?
In How to Read the Bible, Harvard professor James Kugel leads the reader chapter by chapter through the “quiet revolution” of recent biblical scholarship, showing time and again how radically the interpretations of today’s researchers differ from what people have always thought. The story of Adam and Eve, it turns out, was not originally about the “Fall of Man,” but about the move from a primitive, hunter-gatherer society to a settled, agricultural one. As for the stories of Cain and Abel, Abraham and Sarah, and Jacob and Esau, these narratives were not, at their origin, about individual people at all but, rather, explanations of some feature of Israelite society as it existed centuries after these figures were said to have lived. Dinah was never raped — her story was created by an editor to solve a certain problem in Genesis. In the earliest version of the Exodus story, Moses probably did not divide the Red Sea in half; instead, the Egyptians perished in a storm at sea. Whatever the original Ten Commandments might have been, scholars are quite sure they were different from the ones we have today. What’s more, the people long supposed to have written various books of the Bible were not, in the current consensus, their real authors: David did not write the Psalms, Solomon did not write Proverbs or Ecclesiastes; indeed, there is scarcely a book in the Bible that is not the product of different, anonymous authors and editors working in different periods.
Such findings pose a serious problem for adherents of traditional, Bible-based faiths. Hiding from the discoveries of modern scholars seems dishonest, but accepting them means undermining much of the Bible’s reliability and authority as the word of God. What to do? In his search for a solution, Kugel leads the reader back to a group of ancient biblical interpreters who flourished at the end of the biblical period. Far from naïve, these interpreters consciously set out to depart from the original meaning of the Bible’s various stories, laws, and prophecies — and they, Kugel argues, hold the key to solving the dilemma of reading the Bible today.
How to Read the Bible is, quite simply, the best, most original book about the Bible in decades. It offers an unflinching, insider’s look at the work of today’s scholars, together with a sustained consideration of what the Bible was for most of its history — before the rise of modern scholarship. Readable, clear, often funny but deeply serious in its purpose, this is a book for Christians and Jews, believers and secularists alike. It offers nothing less than a whole new way of thinking about sacred Scripture.
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Soma kitabu cha Ayubu sura ya 1 mstari wa 6 hadi wa 8 utaona jinsi Mungu na shetani wanavyopiga stori.
Kwa tunus zile utagundua kuwa kama wameshasameheana na story nyingi tu wanapiga
Bado hilo si jibu.
Je, kwanini binadamu aliwekwa duniani ambako kuna Ibilisi?
Kwanini binadamu asiwekwe sehemu nyingine au Ibilisi akatolewa kwanza ndipo aletwe binadamu?
Bado hilo si jibu.
Je, kwanini binadamu aliwekwa duniani ambako kuna Ibilisi?
Kwanini binadamu asiwekwe sehemu nyingine au Ibilisi akatolewa kwanza ndipo aletwe binadamu?
Kwa mujibu wa Biblia, Ni shetani ndiye aliyemshawishi Adam ila hakuwa na mamlaka wala umiliki wa dunia na vijazavyo. Shetani alipata baada ya anguko la Adam hata hivyo hana umiliki wala maamuzi kwa wachaMungu
Soma kitabu cha Ayubu sura ya 1 mstari wa 6 hadi wa 8 utaona jinsi Mungu na shetani wanavyopiga stori.
Kwa tunus zile utagundua kuwa kama wameshasameheana na story nyingi tu wanapiga
Naomba kwanza kuweka kumbukumbu sawa; I was born and raised in a conservative Christian family until I was 20 in my first year Chuo kikuu baada ya kukutana na Mtu ambaye baadaye amekuja kuwa the love of my life NDIPO NILIPOAMUA KUBADILI DINI ingawa am not that much practicing anyway but I hope Mungu atanisaidia:
Naomba sasa kulizungumza hili in ISLAMIC perspective kwa ajili ya kushare uzoefu...
According to the aforementioned perspective HAYAKUWA MAISHA HAYA YA DUNIA ILA NI SEHEMU YA MTIHANI kwa Mwanadamu kutoka kwa Mola wake Mlezi. Baada ya Kuumbwa, kupewa akili na miongozo ya namna ya kuishi hapa duniani MWANADAMU AMEWEKEWA MITIHANI ILI KUMPIMA NI YUPO ANA MKHOFU MOLA MLEZI NA KUFUATA MIONGOZO YAKE NA NANI ATAKENGEUKA NA KUFUATA MATAMANIO YA NAFSI YAKE....
KWA HAKIKA VITIMBA VYA SHETANI NI VITIMBI DHAIFU; hawezi shetani kukushika kukulazimisha jambo lolote bali hukushawishi na WEWE UTALITEKELEZA KWA UTASHI WAKO MWENYEWE....
ATAKUPAMBIA juu ya NGONO, KUDHULUMU MALI NA HAKI ZA WENGINE, UBAKHILI KWA KUKUHOFISHA UTAFILISIKA, ATATUPAMBIA VILIVYOVICHAFU KUWA VIZURI NA MIFANO MINGINE MINGI...
MUNGU AMETUWEKEA KILA UPANDE WAZI ILI IWE JUU YA KILA MMOJA KUCHAGUA na siku ya malipo hakutakuwa na kusema hatukujua...
Na shetani siku ya HUKUMU ATAJIENGA NA KILA ATAKAMLAUMU YEYE...
MUNGU ni muweza wa kila jambo na hakuna wa kushindana na YEYE na Shetani ni kiumbe dhaifu ambaye MUNGU amejaaliwa awe mtihani kwa wanadamu...
Mungu wetu ni MUNGU mwenye Rehema na Huruma kwa viumbe wake.... tujiuulize Kwa maovu tunayoyafanya leo kama ZINAA, MAUAJI, HOMOSEXUALITY, ULEVI, DHULMA didi ya wanyonge na MACHAFU MENGINE YOTE, ZAKA HATUTOI Angekuwa ni MUNGU ASIYE NA HURUMA angeshatuangamiza Lakini KWA HURUMA YAKE AMEENDELEA KUTUPA MUDA HUENDA TUTATUBIA.. ambaye atabaki na nyendo zake mbaya mpaka mwisho wa MAISHA YAKE BASI ITAKUWA NI HASARA KWAKE...
Naomba kwanza kuweka kumbukumbu sawa; I was born and raised in a conservative Christian family until I was 20 in my first year Chuo kikuu baada ya kukutana na Mtu ambaye baadaye amekuja kuwa the love of my life NDIPO NILIPOAMUA KUBADILI DINI ingawa am not that much practicing anyway but I hope Mungu atanisaidia:
Naomba sasa kulizungumza hili in ISLAMIC perspective kwa ajili ya kushare uzoefu...
According to the aforementioned perspective HAYAKUWA MAISHA HAYA YA DUNIA ILA NI SEHEMU YA MTIHANI kwa Mwanadamu kutoka kwa Mola wake Mlezi. Baada ya Kuumbwa, kupewa akili na miongozo ya namna ya kuishi hapa duniani MWANADAMU AMEWEKEWA MITIHANI ILI KUMPIMA NI YUPO ANA MKHOFU MOLA MLEZI NA KUFUATA MIONGOZO YAKE NA NANI ATAKENGEUKA NA KUFUATA MATAMANIO YA NAFSI YAKE....
KWA HAKIKA VITIMBA VYA SHETANI NI VITIMBI DHAIFU; hawezi shetani kukushika kukulazimisha jambo lolote bali hukushawishi na WEWE UTALITEKELEZA KWA UTASHI WAKO MWENYEWE....
ATAKUPAMBIA juu ya NGONO, KUDHULUMU MALI NA HAKI ZA WENGINE, UBAKHILI KWA KUKUHOFISHA UTAFILISIKA, ATATUPAMBIA VILIVYOVICHAFU KUWA VIZURI NA MIFANO MINGINE MINGI...
MUNGU AMETUWEKEA KILA UPANDE WAZI ILI IWE JUU YA KILA MMOJA KUCHAGUA na siku ya malipo hakutakuwa na kusema hatukujua...
Na shetani siku ya HUKUMU ATAJIENGA NA KILA ATAKAMLAUMU YEYE...
MUNGU ni muweza wa kila jambo na hakuna wa kushindana na YEYE na Shetani ni kiumbe dhaifu ambaye MUNGU amejaaliwa awe mtihani kwa wanadamu...
Mungu wetu ni MUNGU mwenye Rehema na Huruma kwa viumbe wake.... tujiuulize Kwa maovu tunayoyafanya leo kama ZINAA, MAUAJI, HOMOSEXUALITY, ULEVI, DHULMA didi ya wanyonge na MACHAFU MENGINE YOTE, ZAKA HATUTOI Angekuwa ni MUNGU ASIYE NA HURUMA angeshatuangamiza Lakini KWA HURUMA YAKE AMEENDELEA KUTUPA MUDA HUENDA TUTATUBIA.. ambaye atabaki na nyendo zake mbaya mpaka mwisho wa MAISHA YAKE BASI ITAKUWA NI HASARA KWAKE...
Umeanza utoto wako wa kutaka uthibitisho katika mambo ya imani.
Wewe huwezi thibitisha hakuna MUNGU ila unaamini hayupo, Mwingine hawezi kukuonyesha MUNGU ila anaamini yupo. Katika logic nyinyi hamna tofauti. Wote ni watu wa imani tu. Huyu anayeamini yupo angalau yeye anajiuliza hivi vitu vyote vimetoka wapi? Lazima kuna chanzo, hicho chanzo ni MUNGU. Ila wewe msingi wa imani yako unaegemea udhaifu wa imani ya huyu anayeshindwa kuthibitisha uwepo wa MUNGU japokuwa na wewe huwezi thibitisha kuwa hayupo.
Achana na logic kwenye masuala ya imani. Nguvu inayozungumziwa ni nguvu ya kiimani inayokusukuma kutenda jambo jema yaani positive, na kinyume chake jambo baya yaani negative. Ni jambo ambalo moaka sasa nje ya imani(Faith) huwezi thibitisha.
Umeanza utoto wako wa kutaka uthibitisho katika mambo ya imani.
Wewe huwezi thibitisha hakuna MUNGU ila unaamini hayupo, Mwingine hawezi kukuonyesha MUNGU ila anaamini yupo. Katika logic nyinyi hamna tofauti. Wote ni watu wa imani tu. Huyu anayeamini yupo angalau yeye anajiuliza hivi vitu vyote vimetoka wapi? Lazima kuna chanzo, hicho chanzo ni MUNGU. Ila wewe msingi wa imani yako unaegemea udhaifu wa imani ya huyu anayeshindwa kuthibitisha uwepo wa MUNGU japokuwa na wewe huwezi thibitisha kuwa hayupo.
Uhitaji wa Uharaka wa kujibu ndio kosa ulilofanya likatengeneza ndani ya ubongo wako makosa uliyoweka kwenye list hakuna jingine zaidi ya haraka ya kujibu. Ubongo umekupa majibu ya haraka haraka. Hata katika kuandika umeandika kwa haraka mno 😃
Achana na logic kwenye masuala ya imani. Nguvu inayozungumziwa ni nguvu ya kiimani inayokusukuma kutenda jambo jema yaani positive, na kinyume chake jambo baya yaani negative. Ni jambo ambalo nje ya imani(Faith) huwezi thibitisha.
Unajuaje hii si hadithi uliyojihadithia mwenyewe tu? Au kuhadithiwa na mtu mwingine tu?
Unaniambia niachane na logic kwenye mambo ya imani.
Kuna kijana alijirusha kutoka ghorofani Morogoro road, akiamini kwamba ataishia salama kwenye Simtank. Akafa.
Hata yeye aliachana na logic ya fizikia na mahesabu. Akaenda kwa imani. Akiamini hatakufa.
Masikini alifariki.
Sasa, na wewe unaposema tuachane na logic kwenye mambo ya imani, unajuaje kwamba hujirushi kutoka kwenye ghorofa ukiamini Simtank litakuokoa, wakati ukweli wa logic unaonesha unakosea?
Unajuaje hii si hadithi uliyojihadithia mwenyewe tu? Au kuhadithiwa na mtu mwingine tu?
Unaniambia niachane na logic kwenye mambo ya imani.
Kuna kijana alijirusha kutoka ghorofani Morogoro road, akiamini kwamba ataishia salama kwenye Simtank. Akafa.
Hata yeye aliachana na logic ya fizikia na mahesabu. Akaenda kwa imani. Akiamini hatakufa.
Masikini alifariki.
Sasa, na wewe unaposema tuachane na logic kwenye mambo ya imani, unajuaje kwamba hujirushi kutoka kwenye ghorofa ukiamini Simtank litakuokoa, wakati ukweli wa logic unaonesha unakosea?
Inawezekana ni hadithi. Lakini ikishaingia imani, hadithi inakua suala la kiimani ambalo huwezi kulitenga na anayeamini kwa kutumia logic. Imani ina nguvu ya kuamsha mapepo ndani ya mtu akawa kama kichaa akagaragara chini, ila ukirudi katika logic huyu mtu utamuona ana tatizo la saikolojia.
Utofauti wangu mm na wewe ni katika kutumia logic kwenye suala la imani. Hakuna lingine. Huyo kijana imani yake ilimuua, na wapo wengi kama yeye. Kuna mwingine alifia kwenye maji akitaka kutembea juu ya maji.
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www.jameskugel.com
