Sawa. Kama nilivyowahi kuonyesha huko nyuma kupitia jukwa hili
mahali hapa, misingi ya
human rights based ideologism (“huribatism”) imefafanuliwa vizuri na Profesa John Finnis kama ifuatavyo:
"The fundamental postulates of Hohfeld’s system [of human rights] are:
(i) that all assertions or ascriptions of rights can be reduced without remainder to ascriptions of one or some combination of the following four ‘Hohfeldian rights’: (a) ‘claim-rights’, (b) ‘liberty rights’, (c) ‘power rights’, and (d) ‘immunity rights’; and
(ii) that to assert a Hohfeldian right is to assert a [four-term relation] between one person, one act-description, one other person, [and a normative rule R].
"[Concerning claim-rights and liberty-rights,] if A and B signify persons, F stands for an act description signifying some act, and R signifies a rule that relates the two parties, then, the following logical relations among A, B, [R] and F will obtain:
(1) A has a claim-right that B should F, if and only if [there is a rule R which specifies that] B has a duty to A to F.
(2) B has a liberty (relative to A) to F, if and only if [there is no rule R which negates the claim that] A has no-claim-right (‘a no-right) that B should not F.
(2’) B has a liberty (relative to A) not to F, if an only if [there is no rule R which negates the claim that] A has no-claim-right (‘a no right’) that B should F.
"From the above, one can easily see, in light of these four-term relations that, the most important of the aids to clear thinking provided by Hohfeld’s schema is the distinction between A’s claim-right (which has as its correlative B’s duty) and A’s liberty , which is A’s freedom from duty and thus has as its correlative the absence or negation of the claim-right that B would otherwise have.
"A claim-right is always either, positively a right to be given something (or assisted in a certain way) by someone else, or, negatively, a right not to be interfered with or dealt with or treated in a certain way, by someone else. When the subject-matter of one’s claim of right is one’s own act(s), forbearance(s), or omission(s), that claim cannot be to a claim-right, but can only be to a liberty ."
(Source: John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights. New York/Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980, p. 199-200.)."
Tafsiri nyepesi ya maneno haya ni kwamba, katika anatomia ya kila haki inayoweza kufikirika kuna sehemu nne muhimu. Sehemu hizo ni: madai, mdai, mdaiwa na sababu ya madai. Ufafanuzi ni huu:
- Madai (claim): Haya na madai ya kufanyika au kutofanyika kwa tendo fulani; au madai ya kitu fulani.
- Mdai (right-holder): Huyu ni mtu anayedaiwa afanyiwe au asifanyiwe tendi fulani; au anayedai kitu fulani.
- Mdaiwa (duty-bearer): Huyu ni mtu anayedaiwa afanye au asifanye tendi fulani; au anayedaiwa kitu fulani.
- Sababu ya madai (normative justiification): Hiki ni kifungu cha kanuni, sheria au utaratibu kinachotumika kuonyesha kwamba madai ni halali, mdai ni yupi na mdaiwa ni yupi.
Kwa kuzingatia mwongozo huu wa HURIBATISM,naona kwamba, haki zinazohusiana na DEMOKRASIA zitajadilika vizuri zaidi ikiwa ufahamu wa kategoria anuai za haki zinazojadiliwa katika hoja iliyo mbele yetu utakuwa hudu dhidi ya kosa la kimantiki liitwalo “equivocation,” yaani kutumia neno “haki” katika major premise likiwa na maana “x” na kasha kulitumia neno hilo hilo katika minor premise au katika conclusion likiwa na maana “y”.
Angalizo hili ni muhimu kwani, kwa kuzingatia mwongozo wa profesa John Finnis hapo juu ni wazi kwamba tunazo aina kuu nne za haki za binadamu, ambapo kila haki inazo sehemu nne pia kama ifuatavyo:
- Haki ya raia A kufanyiwa tendo T na raia B kwa mujibu wa maagizo ya sheria S inaitwa haki ya madai chanya (POSITIVE CLAIM RIGHT)
- Haki ya raia A kutofanyiwa tendo T na raia B kwa mujibu wa makatazo ya sheria S inaitwa haki ya madai hasi (NEGATIVE CLAIM RIGHT)
- Haki ya raia A kufanya tendo T bila hofu ya kuhojiwa na raia B kwa mujibu wa ombwe lililo katika makatazo ya Sheria S inaitwa haki ya uhuru chanya (POSITIVE LIBERTY RIGHT).
- Haki ya raia A kutofanya tendo T bila hofu ya kuhojiwa na raia B kwa mujibu wa ombwe lililo katika makatazo ya sheria S inaitwa haki ya uhuru hasi (NEGATIVE LIBERTY RIGHT)
Katika muktadha huu wa huribatism, Alan Gewirth, aliandika makala yake “
Are there any absolute rights?” kupitia jarida la “T
he Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 122 (Jan. 1981), pg 1-16”, na kufanya uchambuzi murua kwa ajili yetu.
Gewirth (1981) anasema kwamba, mienendo ya watawala na watawaliwa yaweza kuifanya haki ya binadamu kuanguka katika kundi moja wapo kati ya makundi haya manne:
FULFILLED, VIOLATED, INFRINGED, AND OVERRIDDEN. Kwa ukamilifu Gewirth anasema:
“A right is FULFILLED when the correlative duty is carried out, i.e. when the required action is performed or the prohibited action is not performed.
"A right is INFRINGED when the correlative duty is not carried out, i.e. when the required action is not performed or the prohibited action is performed…
"A right is VIOLATED when it is unjustifiably infringed, i.e. when the required action is unjustifiably not performed or the prohibited action is unjustifiably performed.
"And a right is OVERRIDDEN when it is justifiably infringed, so that there is sufficient justification for not carrying out the correlative duty, and the required action is justifiably not performed or the prohibited action is justifiably performed.
"A right is absolute when it cannot be overridden in any circumstances, so that it can never be justifiably infringed and it must be fulfilled without any exceptions (Gewirth, pg.2).
Kwa kuzingatia mchanganuo huo hapo juu, ni wazi kwamba, utekelezaji wa " POSITIVE LIBERTY RIGHT" unayo mipaka inayotokana na uwepo wa " NEGATIVE CLAIM RIGHT."
Kwa lugha ya walei wa mitaani tunasema kuwa uhuru wa kunyoosha mikono yako hewani na kujizungusha unaishia pale pua ya jirani yako inapoanzia.
Hii ndiyo sababu haki ya mvuta sigara inaminywa na jukumu lake la kuheshimu haki za majirani zake (kwa mfano wagonjwa waliolazwa wodini).
Vivyo hivyo, haki ya mwimbaji inaminywa na jukumu lake la kuheshimu haki za majirani zake (kwa mfani wanafunzi walio darasani wanajisomea).
Na hatimaye, haki ya kuandamana na haki ya kufanya mikutano ya hadhara ni "liberty rights" ambazo urefu wake unaishia pale yanapoanzia majukumu ya kuheshimu haki za watu baki, na katika hoja ya sasa, haki za serikali kutekeleza programu zake za maendeleo.
Nadhani nimejibu dukuduku zako kisheria.