GREAT MANIPULATOR
Burkina Faso’s Ibrahim Traoré: Saviour or dictator?
By
Benjamin Roger
Posted on April 14, 2024 08:00
Burkina Faso’s self-proclaimed President Ibrahim Traoré speaking in Strel’na, outside Saint Petersburg, in July 2023. (Alexey Danichev/ POOL/ AFP)
Protected by his Russian allies and convinced that he has been invested with a mission, Ibrahim Traoré is a messianic figure for his supporters, and a paranoid autocrat for his detractors. To both, the self-proclaimed president remains an enigma.
Burkina Faso’s leader Ibrahim Traoré has changed. He’s become more confident. The military fatigues he wears are no longer earth-toned, but an immaculate white.
READ MORE Burkina Faso: four soldiers arrested in ‘plot’ against Ibrahim Traoré
No longer the young captain so few knew before the coup of 30 September 2022, he is now the world’s youngest head of state. And although he has no legitimacy other than that bestowed by weapons, he demands deference.
Megalomania
The early days of his reign, when ‘IB’ – as he is known to his countrymen – told anyone who would listen that he had no intention of staying in power, are long gone. A year and a half later, he is still managing the country’s day-to-day affairs – a task that he promised, at the time, to “expedite”.
No longer talking about leaving his position, let alone organising elections, Traoré has firmly installed his junta and imposed his authority.
From the very first weeks, we realised that he was a great manipulator. He told everyone what they wanted to hear
“He was in no better position than anyone else. The coup against Lieutenant-Colonel Damiba [in power before him] was fomented by several captains, including him. As he is a man of strong character, he volunteered to take responsibility and won the day,” says an officer of his generation.
A former civil servant phrases it slightly differently. “From the very first weeks, we realised that he was a great manipulator. He told everyone what they wanted to hear. Then, when people finally understood, it was already too late.”
‘Revenge is scathing’
Originally from Bondokuy, in the agricultural west of the country, Traoré is a man of the bush, frank and direct, who joined the army after a degree in geology at the University of Ouagadougou.
He passed through the Georges-Namoano military academy in Pô, Burkina Faso, where, according to some military sources, he did not take kindly to the harshness of his instructors.
Disgusted by what he had seen during operations, he despised the hierarchy, in which
superior officers sat in air-conditioned headquarters while their men were slaughtered by jihadists amid general indifference.
“Many senior officers don’t understand him and have nothing but contempt for him. He pays them back well. His revenge is scathing,” says one military source.
READ MORE Burkina Faso: Who is Ibrahim Traoré, the man who brought down Damiba?
For these senior officers, obliged to stand to attention before a captain in his thirties and obey his orders, this has been a hard pill to swallow. Many would be delighted to see him fall – not least those close to Damiba, who have been overthrown by their subordinates, or the former Green Mambas of Lieutenant-Colonel Emmanuel Zoungrana, who have had their power removed.
Traoré is aware of the distrust within the army. “He’s been in a bad position since the beginning and he still hasn’t managed to find the right position,” says one soldier.
At the end of September 2023, he was
on the brink of being overthrown before the first anniversary of his own seizure of power. An attempted coup was foiled at the last minute, and several elite officers – including many from Special Forces and the Special Intervention Unit of the National Gendarmerie – were arrested. Another, Major Ismaël Touhogobou, was killed during an attempted arrest at his home in Ouagadougou.
“IB really went into a tailspin after this affair,” said one officer. “Both soldiers and civilians were involved in the attempted coup. Since then, he has been obsessed by possible plots against him and is convinced that everyone must be watched, even the most insignificant citizen who is even a little critical of him.”
Oh brother
In the days that followed this attempted coup, Traoré took drastic measures. Security was stepped up. Armoured vehicles were deployed, and traffic was banned at night. He shut himself away, becoming ever more paranoid. He regularly changes his place of residence.
“No one knows where he sleeps,” said a source at the heart of the Ouagadougou seat of power. He has stopped going out at night, when previously he would ride his motorbike to the homes of his relatives.
READ MORE Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré turns to new allies as he shuns West
Only a few of his closest friends and allies have retained his trust – including his brothers, Inoussa and Kassoum, who have worked alongside him from the start. The former is his (very) influential special adviser.
“In reality, he’s almost a kind of vice-president. IB doesn’t take any important decisions unless they are approved by Inoussa,” says our source. Kassoum, meanwhile, is
in charge of propaganda and mobilising the junta’s supporters – the young people who will hold up a few roundabouts in the city centre in exchange for a handful of CFA francs.
The Russians are present at his side, but not too close or too visible
Traoré’s inner circle also includes several of his close day-to-day collaborators, such as his chief of staff, Captain Anderson Medah; his private chief of staff, Lieutenant-Colonel Isamël Diaouari; and the head of his security, Lieutenant Aziz Pacmogda.
He relies essentially on the captains with whom he overthrew Damiba, such as Farouk Sorgho, Jean Ouiya and, to a lesser extent, Oumarou Yabre, director-general of the National Intelligence Agency, to which Traoré bears a certain animosity. He also gives direct orders to the commanders of the 25 rapid intervention battalions, the units he set up.
Russian protectors
Traoré undertook a massive reorganisation of his military and security apparatus to ensure it is fully committed to his cause.
Aside from creating the rapid intervention battalions, he recruited 50,000 Volunteers for the Defence of the Homeland, civilian auxiliaries to the army, and bolstered the State Security Directorate.
He also
took control of bodies he considered hostile, such as the National Gendarmerie and the Special Forces. At the beginning of January, he announced the creation of a Special Rapid Intervention Brigade, an elite unit tasked with fighting terrorism, taking part in special operations and protecting institutions.
To secure his regime, IB also needed to secure outside allies. His Malian ‘big brother’ Assimi Goïta quickly took him under his wing, and in the classic pattern of a successful coup in the Sahel, Traoré broke ties with France, which in his view was encroaching on Burkina Faso’s sovereignty, to take shelter under Vladimir Putin’s umbrella.
READ MORE Russia-Africa summit: Assimi Goïta and Ibrahim Traoré show support for Vladimir Putin
At the end of July 2023, he attended the Russia-Africa summit in St Petersburg, where he met the Russian president for the first time. The young coup leader, a novice in the field, nonetheless seemed quite at ease. For his part, Putin sees in the spirited captain another asset to his breakthrough in French-speaking Africa.
The foiled coup attempt in Ouagadougou at the end of September accelerated this rapprochement with Moscow. In the weeks that followed, several dozen Russian military and paramilitary personnel were sent to Burkina Faso,
some directly to the presidency.
Others were sent to work with Burkina Faso’s National Intelligence Agency (ANR), while still others were tasked with training new members of future special units. In all, around 200 men have been deployed as part of the new Russian partnership with Africa since the death of
Yevgeny Prigozhin, the boss of the Wagner group, in August 2023.
“They have set up a kind of security bubble with concentric circles around IB to protect him,” says a military source. A former minister says: “The Russians are present at his side, but not too close or too visible, because many officers do not accept that foreign forces should be at the heart of our institutions in this way.”
Death squads
In the army, the housekeeping continues. At the end of December, a dozen officers suspected of plotting against Traoré were sent to Russia for a two-and-a-half-year training course against their will.
“We tried to oppose this measure, but to no avail. IB wants to keep us out. As long as we are in the country, he won’t have any peace of mind,” said one officer before he left.
Such purges do not affect the military alone.
All civilians critical of the junta are now under threat: opponents, activists, journalists.
In recent months, several prominent figures have found themselves sent to the front to fight against jihadist groups, including human rights defender Daouda Diallo and former foreign minister Ablassé Ouédraogo.
He will never surrender. It’s bound to end badly
Others, such as the lawyer Guy-Hervé Kam, have simply disappeared for weeks after being abducted, sometimes from their homes, in front of their families, by armed individuals in civilian clothes.
READ MORE Behind the story of the French intelligence agents detained in Burkina Faso
Fears of these death squads, allegedly led by Lieutenant Pacmogda, are spreading panic. Ten years after the popular mobilisation against President Blaise Compaoré, which had raised hopes of democracy, the country has clearly become a military dictatorship.
Fake news
Unsurprisingly, the propaganda machine is in full swing – with the invaluable support of Russian experts. State-owned media has been transformed into a mouthpiece for the authorities, while foreign media outlets – including
The Africa Report –have been suspended or banned.
Traoré’s vociferous supporters fill social media platforms with fake news on a daily basis and take to the streets to defend their leader. There is now only one truth: that of the junta.
The son of a nurse and a housewife, symbolic of a working class that had been ignored for decades, Traoré despises Ouagadougou’s political and social elite.
Nor do traditional chiefs find favour with him. A fan of populist discourse,
he has played the ordinary people against the bourgeoisie, the troops against the senior officers, patriots against traitors. He delights in denouncing the corruption of previous regimes, saying he wants to break with bad governance.
“The good people of Ouagadougou find it hard to accept, but it’s a message that appeals to grassroots people of Burkina Faso, particularly in medium-sized towns and villages,” says one journalist.
Exit from the CFA franc
Traoré has adopted the Sankarist left-wing ideology within the politics of Burkina Faso doctrine of self-sufficiency, saying he wants to produce the country’s food needs locally and reduce imports as much as possible.
READ MORE Behind the story of the French intelligence agents detained in Burkina Faso
He is also quick to promise his compatriots big things in the future, such as a nuclear power station to supply the country with electricity or a factory to manufacture electric cars.
A member of the Alliance of Sahel States alongside Mali and Niger, he is also talking about leaving the CFA franc, having slammed the door on the Economic Community of West African States.
Animist attraction
Among his early followers were Wahhabi Muslim currents, long marginalised, which he has skilfully used to rise to power and hold on to it. Although he is the son of practising Muslim parents, he himself does not practise.
In his year and a half in power, there has been
no sight of him at the mosque. And for good reason: the young president is an animist – animism being the belief that all objects, places and living creatures possess a spiritual essence.
‘Adja the healer’ plays a major role with IB, who is convinced that she protects and guides him
“He may have been initiated into fetishism [worship of an inanimate object for its supposed magical powers or because it is considered to be inhabited by a spirit] by the Koglweogo chiefs [meaning ‘bush guardians’ – self-defence groups] during his visit to Kaya in 2022,” said one high-profile figure.
Others claim he is under the growing influence of ‘Adja the healer’ – a young woman from the outskirts of Ouagadougou, who claims to have mystical powers. “She plays a major role with IB, who is convinced that she protects and guides him,” says our source.
No bulletproof vests for you
Capable of throwing tantrums, IB is described by many as a brutal character who is afraid of nothing, especially not a fight. “When he was detachment commander, he once told his soldiers: ‘The jihadis don’t have bulletproof vests, so we don’t need them either,’” says one security source.
On 13 January, the regime again urgently mobilised its supporters in the streets of Ouagadougou. According to them, a new plot against the regime was being prepared. There were even mentions of a plan to assassinate Traoré.
READ MORE Burkina Faso: Who is Ibrahim Traoré, the man who brought down Damiba?
Civilians and a number of officers, including Lieutenant-Colonel Evrard Somda, former chief of staff of the National Gendarmerie, were arrested. Their families do not know what has become of them.
But Burkina Faso’s self-declared president is not as secure as he would like to appear. “He will never surrender. It’s bound to end badly,” says one former minister.