Wanasayansi naomba mnisaidie maana Quran inaniambia mtoto anaumbwa baada ya sperm kuingia kwenye damu iliyoganda

[Makachu]

Uzi upo na uchangiaji unaendelea , clik link itakupeleka

https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/aya-hizi-katika-biblia-mbona-zinanichanganya-au-tuseme-ndio-imeharibiwa.2028913/page-6#post-43954087

Inanikatalia kufungika kwa Mimi mwenye Uzi wangu.

Inaandika hivi, lakini nyuzi zingine nafungua kama kawaida

 

[Makachu]

Uzi upo na uchangiaji unaendelea , clik link itakupeleka

https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/aya-hizi-katika-biblia-mbona-zinanichanganya-au-tuseme-ndio-imeharibiwa.2028913/page-6#post-43954087

Na inaniandikia hivi!!!

Swali: Kama uzi wangu upo, kwa nini kwangu hsufunguki na mimi ndio mwenye Uzi au niliyeanzisha huo Uzi?

 

[Championship]

Muhammad s.a.w ni mjumbe wa Mwenyezi Mungu kama alivyokua Musa, Ibrahim, issa, Ismail na wengine na kama navyoelewa ni nn maana ya mjumbe.
Ni kweli alikua hajui kusoma na akabanwa kweli na sio kukabwa kama unavyomaanisha ili asome na alichotakiwa kusoma ni aya ya kwanza kabisa kuteremshwa ktk surat Al'alaq ambayo inapatikana ktk kitabu cha Qur-an.

Anaisoma hiyo aya wapi wakati haikuwa imeandikwa. Jibril hakujua Muhammad ni illiterate?

 

[Championship]

Just bring your evidence and references and not just blah blah and mere speculations from your European masters.
Uongo wa wazi kabisa, hebu tutajie hao Europeans walio muandikia Muhammad Quran during his period.
Unabwabwaja tu vitu usivyovijua.
Quran inajitetea yenyewe, ishaweka challenge, “ tuleteeni hata surah moja tu mfano wa hii Quran”
Unganikeni wote pamoja na mashetani, Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, Europeans, Americans, etc mlete hata surah moja tu mfano wa hii Quran kama mnaweza😜😜

Quran ilianza kuandikwa kabla ya Muhammad kupata maono ya jibril kule mapangoni.

The birmingham quran manuscript is currently believed to be the oldest Quran in the world.

This manuscript consists of two leaves of parchment that are a fragment of an early Quranic manuscript dated between 568 AD – 645 AD

 

[Mokiti]

Na inaniandikia hivi!!!

Swali: Kama uzi wangu upo, kwa nini kwangu hsufunguki na mimi ndio mwenye Uzi au niliyeanzisha huo Uzi?View attachment 2379737

Angalia moderator alieopo online muandikie msg akuunge jukwaa la dini/imani

 

[Makachu]

Malalamiko yako ni uongo kwasababu uzi upo jukwaa la dini.

Mbona mimi nikifungua inaandika hiviView attachment 2379738

 

[Championship]

Inaonekana haujui hata unachokiongea.
Haujui tofauti kati ya version na translation (tafsiri).
There is only version of Quran and its in Arabic language hizo nyingine za lugha nyingine ni tafsiri ama translation kutoka lugha ya kiaarabu (ambayo ndiyo the language of Quran ) kwenda lugha mbalimbali.
Na Quran haijawahi kubadilika since its creation by the Almighty. Iko vile vile…

Quran inazo tafsiri nyingi sana. Hamtaki tuziite version lakini translations za biblia mnapenda kuziita version.

 

[Championship]

Hahaha! Naona umeishiwa hoja.
Umeamua kurukia issue nyingine tena.
Ulitakiwa ufanye research kwanza mtume Muhammad alianza kuteremshiwa wahyi lini, Ndio sasa uje na hako ka hoja kako dhaifu ya manuscript ambayo pia ume copy and paste.
Sijaona hoja yoyote hapo ni utumbo tu.
Alaf nishakujibu huko juu, hiyo Carbon14 dating yenyewe haiko 100% correct huwa inafanya makisio tu.

Quran ilikua ishaandikwa kitambo huko mbinguni kwenye ‘Lawhin maufudhwi’ I. e. The preserved tablet kabla ya kuteremshwa duniani.

Aliteremshiwa ikiwa imeshaandikwa?

Naona sasa hata carbon 14 mnaikataa lakini ndio mnaitumia kupinga manuscripts za biblia.😂 Mmeshachanganyikiwa.

 

[Championship]

Mbona mimi nikifungua inaandika hiviView attachment 2379738View attachment 2379739

Wewe itakuwa unahatarisha usalama ndio maana hujawekwa jukwaa la dini. Acha siasa kali za kujitoa mhanga.

 

[professional Driver]

Naona huu Uzi hawa Moderators wameamua kuufuta, sijui tatizo nini?

Modereta wa humu sio waislamu

 

[Championship]

Modereta wa humu sio waislamu

Acha udini wewe.

 

[Championship]

Habarini wanaJF,

Nimeandaa Uzi huu ili na Mimi nilete Challenge na Maswali kuhusiana na Biblia kama mwenzetu Champion alivyofanya katika uzi wake uliokwenda kwa jina la
(“Wanasayansi naomba mnisaidie maana Quran inaniambia mtoto anaumbwa baada ya sperm kuingia kwenye damu iliyoganda")

Katika uzi wake huo ameuchallenge Uislamu huku akisaidiwa na mwenzie anayekwenda kwa jina la Mokiti na wengineo.

Lakini imekuwa heri kwani wamepewa majibu mengi ya kuridhisha japo wamekuwa wabishi tu na kutokutaka kukubali huku wakijitahidi kupambana kuwakaribisha watu(Waislamu) kwa Yesu na kuwashawishi Waokoke.

Mimi nasema hapana, bado hamjatushawishi kutufanya sisi waisilamu tuje kwa Yesu tuokoke na hamtaweza kamwe kwa njia yoyote ile.

Sasa kama kweli mnatuhitaji tuje kwenye Dini yenu, tunaomba mtujibu maswali kwanza tutakayoweka hapa kwa mujibu wa Aya(Maandiko) ndani ya Bibilia ambayo nitaweka hapa na kuulizia Maswali, kwa maana Aya hizo zinanichanganya na pia zinajichanganya.

TUANZE
KWANZA kabisa ukisoma MARKO 15:25 alafu ukaja ukasoma YOHANA 19:14 ni vitu viwili tofauti na vinachanganya. Acha nianze kunukuu hizo aya.

MARKO 15:25 inasema,
Marko 15:25-27 (Basi ilikuwa saa tatu, nao wakamsulibisha.
Palikuwa na anwani ya mashitaka yake iliyoandikwa juu, MFALME WA WAYAHUDI.
Na pamoja naye walisulibisha wanyang'anyi wawili, mmoja mkono wake wa kuume na mmoja mkono wake wa kushoto.)

YOHANA 19:14 inasema,
Yohana 19:14-15 (Nayo ilikuwa Maandalio ya pasaka, yapata saa sita. Akawaambia Wayahudi, Tazama, Mfalme wenu!
Basi wale wakapiga kelele, Mwondoshe! Mwondoshe! Msulibishe! Pilato akawaambia, Je! Nimsulibishe mfalme wenu! Wakuu wa makuhani wakamjibu, Sisi hatuna mfalme ila Kaisari.)

Kwamujibu wa hizo Aya hapo juu inaonesha Mkanganyiko kwani MARKO 15:25 anasema saa 3 tayari Yesu kashatundikwa msalabani wakati ukisoma YOHANA 19:14 anasema saa 6 yesu ndio kwanza yupo kwa Pilato yani hata Msalabani bado hajafikishwa.

Sasa mbona Yesu wanaonekana wapo tofauti tofauti yani Yesu anayemzungumzia Marko na Yohana ni vitu viwili tofauti. Ndio Mana sisi waisilamu hatuamini kama Yesu alikufa Msalabani.

SWALI
1) NI YESU GANI SAHIHI ALIYEKUFA MSALABANI?

JE NI HUYU ANAYEMZUNGUMZIA MARKO AMBAYE SAA 3 TAYARI YUKO MSALABANI?

AU NI YULE ANAYEMZUNGUMZIA YOHANA AMBAYE SAA 6 BADO WANAMTEMBEZA BARABARANI NA MUDA HUO YUKO KWA PILATO SAFARI YA MSALABANI BADO?

PILI, Ukisoma 2MAMBO YA NYAKATI 22:2 na ukaja ukasoma 2WAFALME 8:26 ni vitu viwili tofauti,. sasa sijui kumeharibiwa au ni vipi na sijui Wakristo wanakwama wapi. Maana naona ubabaishaji kama ni mwingi na najiuliza huwaga hizi Aya hamsomi Makanisani na kuzilinganisha? Nanukuu hizo Aya

2MAMBO YA NYAKATI 22:2
2 Mambo ya Nyakati 22:2 (Ahazia alikuwa na umri wa miaka arobaini na miwili alipoanza kutawala; akatawala mwaka mmoja huko Yerusalemu; na jina la mamaye aliitwa Athalia binti Omri.)

2WAFALME 8:26
2 Wafalme 8:26 (Ahazia alikuwa na umri wa miaka ishirini na miwili alipoanza kutawala; akatawala mwaka mmoja huko Yerusalemu. Na jina la mamaye aliitwa Athalia binti Omri mfalme wa Israeli.)

Hizo Aya hapo juu, ukisoma utakutana na miaka toafuti ya Ahazia huku ikiongelea kitu kile kile, Aya moja inasema Ahazia ana miaka 42 na Nyingine jnasema Ahazia ana miaka 22.

SWALI:
2)(A) ILI BIBLIA IWE NI UKWELI, AYA IPI IKO SAHIHI KATI YA 2MAMBO YA NYAKATI 22:2 NA 2WAFALME 8:26?

(B) MIAKA SAHIHI YA AHAZIA NI MINGAPI?

Kwa ufupi ni kwamba kuna Maboko Mengi ndani ya Biblia ila nimeanza na hayo kwanza. Hivyo vingine nitauliza kwenye thread itayofuatia, kama mtahitaji niulize.

Haya sasa ninaomba Majibu ndugu zetu Wakristo.
Nawasilisha.

Hizi zimeshajibiwa kule. Leta mpya.

 

[professional Driver]

Wewe itakuwa unahatarisha usalama ndio maana hujawekwa jukwaa la dini. Acha siasa kali za kujitoa mhanga.[/QUOTEo modereta wa humu ndio walivyo sio watenda haki na sisi lazima tuseme ukweli
Yani muanzisha uzi kapigwa ban alafu wamebaki wachangiaji hivi ingekuwa ni wewe ungefurahi

 

[professional Driver]

Acha udini wewe.

Utake nasema kweli usitake nasema kweli

 

[fogoh2]

m

Iyo ndio Qurani imesheeni kila aina ya elimu sasa wewe fikiria miaka 1000 iliyopita elimu ya embryology ilikuwepo? ndio mjue kuwa mtume muahamad ayo maneno aliteremshiwa na mungu.

miaka 1000 ni michache sana elimu zote zilikuwepo wanasayansi manguli walishakuwepo kabla ya muhamad

 

[professional Driver]

Aliteremshiwa ikiwa imeshaandikwa?

Naona sasa hata carbon 14 mnaikataa lakini ndio mnaitumia kupinga manuscripts za biblia.[emoji23] Mmeshachanganyikiwa.

Soma hii kwanza we mpinga ukweli

Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University

Published

22 July 2015

Share

Media caption,

The university's academics were "startled" by the results of radiocarbon dating

By Sean Coughlan

Education correspondent

What may be the world's oldest fragments of the Koran have been found by the University of Birmingham.

Radiocarbon dating found the manuscript to be at least 1,370 years old, making it among the earliest in existence.

The pages of the Muslim holy text had remained unrecognised in the university library for almost a century.

The British Library's expert on such manuscripts, Dr Muhammad Isa Waley, said this "exciting discovery" would make Muslims "rejoice".

The manuscript had been kept with a collection of other Middle Eastern books and documents, without being identified as one of the oldest fragments of the Koran in the world.

ADVERTISEMENT



Image caption,

The fragments were written on sheep or goat skin

Oldest texts

When a PhD researcher, Alba Fedeli, looked more closely at these pages it was decided to carry out a radiocarbon dating test and the results were "startling".

The university's director of special collections, Susan Worrall, said researchers had not expected "in our wildest dreams" that it would be so old.



Image caption,

Prof Thomas says the writer of this manuscript could have heard the Prophet Muhammad preach

"Finding out we had one of the oldest fragments of the Koran in the whole world has been fantastically exciting."

The tests, carried out by the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, showed that the fragments, written on sheep or goat skin, were among the very oldest surviving texts of the Koran.

These tests provide a range of dates, showing that, with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645.

"They could well take us back to within a few years of the actual founding of Islam," said David Thomas, the university's professor of Christianity and Islam.

"According to Muslim tradition, the Prophet Muhammad received the revelations that form the Koran, the scripture of Islam, between the years 610 and 632, the year of his death."



Prof Thomas says the dating of the Birmingham folios would mean it was quite possible that the person who had written them would have been alive at the time of the Prophet Muhammad.

"The person who actually wrote it could well have known the Prophet Muhammad. He would have seen him probably, he would maybe have heard him preach. He may have known him personally - and that really is quite a thought to conjure with," he says.

First-hand witness

Prof Thomas says that some of the passages of the Koran were written down on parchment, stone, palm leaves and the shoulder blades of camels - and a final version, collected in book form, was completed in about 650.

He says that "the parts of the Koran that are written on this parchment can, with a degree of confidence, be dated to less than two decades after Muhammad's death".

"These portions must have been in a form that is very close to the form of the Koran read today, supporting the view that the text has undergone little or no alteration and that it can be dated to a point very close to the time it was believed to be revealed."

Media caption,

Susan Worrall says the university wants to put this internationally significant discovery on public display

The manuscript, written in "Hijazi script", an early form of written Arabic, becomes one of the oldest known fragments of the Koran.

Because radiocarbon dating creates a range of possible ages, there is a handful of other manuscripts in public and private collections which overlap. So this makes it impossible to say that any is definitively the oldest.

But the latest possible date of the Birmingham discovery - 645 - would put it among the very oldest.

'Precious survivor'

Dr Waley, curator for such manuscripts at the British Library, said "these two folios, in a beautiful and surprisingly legible Hijazi hand, almost certainly date from the time of the first three caliphs".

The first three caliphs were leaders in the Muslim community between about 632 and 656.

Dr Waley says that under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, copies of the "definitive edition" were distributed.



Image caption,

Muhammad Afzal of Birmingham Central Mosque said he was very moved to see the manuscript

"The Muslim community was not wealthy enough to stockpile animal skins for decades, and to produce a complete Mushaf, or copy, of the Holy Koran required a great many of them."

Dr Waley suggests that the manuscript found by Birmingham is a "precious survivor" of a copy from that era or could be even earlier.

"In any case, this - along with the sheer beauty of the content and the surprisingly clear Hijazi script - is news to rejoice Muslim hearts."

The manuscript is part of the Mingana Collection of more than 3,000 Middle Eastern documents gathered in the 1920s by Alphonse Mingana, a Chaldean priest born near Mosul in modern-day Iraq.

He was sponsored to take collecting trips to the Middle East by Edward Cadbury, who was part of the chocolate-making dynasty.



The Koran

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Muslims believe the words of the Koran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over 22 years from 610

It was not until 1734 that a translation was made into English, but was littered with mistakes

Copies of the holy text were issued to British Indian soldiers fighting in the First World War

On 6 October 1930, words from the Koran were broadcast on British radio for the first time, in a BBC programme called The Sphinx

The origins of the Koran

Discover how the Koran became part of British life



The local Muslim community has already expressed its delight at the discovery in their city and the university says the manuscript will be put on public display.

"When I saw these pages I was very moved. There were tears of joy and emotion in my eyes. And I'm sure people from all over the UK will come to Birmingham to have a glimpse of these pages," said Muhammad Afzal, chairman of Birmingham Central Mosque.



The university says the Koran fragments will go on display in the Barber Institute in Birmingham in October.

Prof Thomas says it will show people in Birmingham that they have a "treasure that is second to none".



More stories from the BBC's Knowledge economy series looking at education from a global perspective and how to get in touch.



More on this story

The origins of the Koran

23 July 2015



 

[professional Driver]

Hizi zimeshajibiwa kule. Leta mpya.

Mpuuzi wewe mmempiga ban ili mujenge hoja zenu hayo majibu ni ya kwenu hatu yatambui

 

[professional Driver]

Quran ilianza kuandikwa kabla ya Muhammad kupata maono ya jibril kule mapangoni.

The birmingham quran manuscript is currently believed to be the oldest Quran in the world.

This manuscript consists of two leaves of parchment that are a fragment of an early Quranic manuscript dated between 568 AD – 645 AD

Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University

Published

22 July 2015

Share

Media caption,

The university's academics were "startled" by the results of radiocarbon dating

By Sean Coughlan

Education correspondent

What may be the world's oldest fragments of the Koran have been found by the University of Birmingham.

Radiocarbon dating found the manuscript to be at least 1,370 years old, making it among the earliest in existence.

The pages of the Muslim holy text had remained unrecognised in the university library for almost a century.

The British Library's expert on such manuscripts, Dr Muhammad Isa Waley, said this "exciting discovery" would make Muslims "rejoice".

The manuscript had been kept with a collection of other Middle Eastern books and documents, without being identified as one of the oldest fragments of the Koran in the world.

ADVERTISEMENT



Image caption,

The fragments were written on sheep or goat skin

Oldest texts

When a PhD researcher, Alba Fedeli, looked more closely at these pages it was decided to carry out a radiocarbon dating test and the results were "startling".

The university's director of special collections, Susan Worrall, said researchers had not expected "in our wildest dreams" that it would be so old.



Image caption,

Prof Thomas says the writer of this manuscript could have heard the Prophet Muhammad preach

"Finding out we had one of the oldest fragments of the Koran in the whole world has been fantastically exciting."

The tests, carried out by the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, showed that the fragments, written on sheep or goat skin, were among the very oldest surviving texts of the Koran.

These tests provide a range of dates, showing that, with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645.

"They could well take us back to within a few years of the actual founding of Islam," said David Thomas, the university's professor of Christianity and Islam.

"According to Muslim tradition, the Prophet Muhammad received the revelations that form the Koran, the scripture of Islam, between the years 610 and 632, the year of his death."



Prof Thomas says the dating of the Birmingham folios would mean it was quite possible that the person who had written them would have been alive at the time of the Prophet Muhammad.

"The person who actually wrote it could well have known the Prophet Muhammad. He would have seen him probably, he would maybe have heard him preach. He may have known him personally - and that really is quite a thought to conjure with," he says.

First-hand witness

Prof Thomas says that some of the passages of the Koran were written down on parchment, stone, palm leaves and the shoulder blades of camels - and a final version, collected in book form, was completed in about 650.

He says that "the parts of the Koran that are written on this parchment can, with a degree of confidence, be dated to less than two decades after Muhammad's death".

"These portions must have been in a form that is very close to the form of the Koran read today, supporting the view that the text has undergone little or no alteration and that it can be dated to a point very close to the time it was believed to be revealed."

Media caption,

Susan Worrall says the university wants to put this internationally significant discovery on public display

The manuscript, written in "Hijazi script", an early form of written Arabic, becomes one of the oldest known fragments of the Koran.

Because radiocarbon dating creates a range of possible ages, there is a handful of other manuscripts in public and private collections which overlap. So this makes it impossible to say that any is definitively the oldest.

But the latest possible date of the Birmingham discovery - 645 - would put it among the very oldest.

'Precious survivor'

Dr Waley, curator for such manuscripts at the British Library, said "these two folios, in a beautiful and surprisingly legible Hijazi hand, almost certainly date from the time of the first three caliphs".

The first three caliphs were leaders in the Muslim community between about 632 and 656.

Dr Waley says that under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, copies of the "definitive edition" were distributed.



Image caption,

Muhammad Afzal of Birmingham Central Mosque said he was very moved to see the manuscript

"The Muslim community was not wealthy enough to stockpile animal skins for decades, and to produce a complete Mushaf, or copy, of the Holy Koran required a great many of them."

Dr Waley suggests that the manuscript found by Birmingham is a "precious survivor" of a copy from that era or could be even earlier.

"In any case, this - along with the sheer beauty of the content and the surprisingly clear Hijazi script - is news to rejoice Muslim hearts."

The manuscript is part of the Mingana Collection of more than 3,000 Middle Eastern documents gathered in the 1920s by Alphonse Mingana, a Chaldean priest born near Mosul in modern-day Iraq.

He was sponsored to take collecting trips to the Middle East by Edward Cadbury, who was part of the chocolate-making dynasty.



The Koran

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Muslims believe the words of the Koran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over 22 years from 610

It was not until 1734 that a translation was made into English, but was littered with mistakes

Copies of the holy text were issued to British Indian soldiers fighting in the First World War

On 6 October 1930, words from the Koran were broadcast on British radio for the first time, in a BBC programme called The Sphinx

The origins of the Koran

Discover how the Koran became part of British life



The local Muslim community has already expressed its delight at the discovery in their city and the university says the manuscript will be put on public display.

"When I saw these pages I was very moved. There were tears of joy and emotion in my eyes. And I'm sure people from all over the UK will come to Birmingham to have a glimpse of these pages," said Muhammad Afzal, chairman of Birmingham Central Mosque.



The university says the Koran fragments will go on display in the Barber Institute in Birmingham in October.

Prof Thomas says it will show people in Birmingham that they have a "treasure that is second to none".



More stories from the BBC's Knowledge economy series looking at education from a global perspective and how to get in touch.



More on this story

The origins of the Koran

23 July 2015



 

[professional Driver]

Isaac Newton ameandika vitabu bora na vyenye manufaa kwa ulimwengu kuliko hicho kitabu cha umwagaji damu na machafuko.

Hujui wewe wanasayansi wako wanatumia quran kutatua mambo

 

[Championship]

Soma hii kwanza we mpinga ukweli

Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University

Published

22 July 2015

Share

Media caption,

The university's academics were "startled" by the results of radiocarbon dating

By Sean Coughlan

Education correspondent

What may be the world's oldest fragments of the Koran have been found by the University of Birmingham.

Radiocarbon dating found the manuscript to be at least 1,370 years old, making it among the earliest in existence.

The pages of the Muslim holy text had remained unrecognised in the university library for almost a century.

The British Library's expert on such manuscripts, Dr Muhammad Isa Waley, said this "exciting discovery" would make Muslims "rejoice".

The manuscript had been kept with a collection of other Middle Eastern books and documents, without being identified as one of the oldest fragments of the Koran in the world.

ADVERTISEMENT



Image caption,

The fragments were written on sheep or goat skin

Oldest texts

When a PhD researcher, Alba Fedeli, looked more closely at these pages it was decided to carry out a radiocarbon dating test and the results were "startling".

The university's director of special collections, Susan Worrall, said researchers had not expected "in our wildest dreams" that it would be so old.



Image caption,

Prof Thomas says the writer of this manuscript could have heard the Prophet Muhammad preach

"Finding out we had one of the oldest fragments of the Koran in the whole world has been fantastically exciting."

The tests, carried out by the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, showed that the fragments, written on sheep or goat skin, were among the very oldest surviving texts of the Koran.

These tests provide a range of dates, showing that, with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645.

"They could well take us back to within a few years of the actual founding of Islam," said David Thomas, the university's professor of Christianity and Islam.

"According to Muslim tradition, the Prophet Muhammad received the revelations that form the Koran, the scripture of Islam, between the years 610 and 632, the year of his death."



Prof Thomas says the dating of the Birmingham folios would mean it was quite possible that the person who had written them would have been alive at the time of the Prophet Muhammad.

"The person who actually wrote it could well have known the Prophet Muhammad. He would have seen him probably, he would maybe have heard him preach. He may have known him personally - and that really is quite a thought to conjure with," he says.

First-hand witness

Prof Thomas says that some of the passages of the Koran were written down on parchment, stone, palm leaves and the shoulder blades of camels - and a final version, collected in book form, was completed in about 650.

He says that "the parts of the Koran that are written on this parchment can, with a degree of confidence, be dated to less than two decades after Muhammad's death".

"These portions must have been in a form that is very close to the form of the Koran read today, supporting the view that the text has undergone little or no alteration and that it can be dated to a point very close to the time it was believed to be revealed."

Media caption,

Susan Worrall says the university wants to put this internationally significant discovery on public display

The manuscript, written in "Hijazi script", an early form of written Arabic, becomes one of the oldest known fragments of the Koran.

Because radiocarbon dating creates a range of possible ages, there is a handful of other manuscripts in public and private collections which overlap. So this makes it impossible to say that any is definitively the oldest.

But the latest possible date of the Birmingham discovery - 645 - would put it among the very oldest.

'Precious survivor'

Dr Waley, curator for such manuscripts at the British Library, said "these two folios, in a beautiful and surprisingly legible Hijazi hand, almost certainly date from the time of the first three caliphs".

The first three caliphs were leaders in the Muslim community between about 632 and 656.

Dr Waley says that under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, copies of the "definitive edition" were distributed.



Image caption,

Muhammad Afzal of Birmingham Central Mosque said he was very moved to see the manuscript

"The Muslim community was not wealthy enough to stockpile animal skins for decades, and to produce a complete Mushaf, or copy, of the Holy Koran required a great many of them."

Dr Waley suggests that the manuscript found by Birmingham is a "precious survivor" of a copy from that era or could be even earlier.

"In any case, this - along with the sheer beauty of the content and the surprisingly clear Hijazi script - is news to rejoice Muslim hearts."

The manuscript is part of the Mingana Collection of more than 3,000 Middle Eastern documents gathered in the 1920s by Alphonse Mingana, a Chaldean priest born near Mosul in modern-day Iraq.

He was sponsored to take collecting trips to the Middle East by Edward Cadbury, who was part of the chocolate-making dynasty.



The Koran

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Muslims believe the words of the Koran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over 22 years from 610

It was not until 1734 that a translation was made into English, but was littered with mistakes

Copies of the holy text were issued to British Indian soldiers fighting in the First World War

On 6 October 1930, words from the Koran were broadcast on British radio for the first time, in a BBC programme called The Sphinx

The origins of the Koran

Discover how the Koran became part of British life



The local Muslim community has already expressed its delight at the discovery in their city and the university says the manuscript will be put on public display.

"When I saw these pages I was very moved. There were tears of joy and emotion in my eyes. And I'm sure people from all over the UK will come to Birmingham to have a glimpse of these pages," said Muhammad Afzal, chairman of Birmingham Central Mosque.



The university says the Koran fragments will go on display in the Barber Institute in Birmingham in October.

Prof Thomas says it will show people in Birmingham that they have a "treasure that is second to none".



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More on this story

The origins of the Koran

23 July 2015



Unapokopi kutoka magazetini fanya summary inayoelwweka ndio ulete hapa.

Quran iliandikwa na Vatican kabla hawajamrecruit Muhammad ndio maana ni older kuliko muhammad.