Benjamini Netanyahu
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 7, 2014
- 95,871
- 116,627
Bandari ya Zanzibar nayo ikodishwe
Viongozi wa Dini wanazungumza na Serikali kuhusu Mkataba wa Bandari kati ya Tanzania na Dubai
Viongozi wa Dini wanazungumza na Serikali kuhusu Mkataba wa Bandari kati ya Tanzania na Dubai
Frank I Ritte
JF-Expert Member
- Apr 12, 2023
- 1,003
- 1,350
Wengi wa Viongozi wa Pwani ni wezi.
Wenye maono ya miaka mingi mbele Dubai DP World na Kigali DPWK wameona mbali sana kuliko bunge la chama kimoja leo Dodoma Tanzania Juni 10, 2023
DP WORLD NA DPWKigali wamemaliza dili matumizi ya bandari, gati na reli bure
HISTORIA INAJIRUDIA TENA TANGANYIKA 2023 BADALA YA DAR ES SALAAM NA KIGOMA SASA ITAKUWA KIGALI
The German colonial government in Tanganyika East Africa decided to connect Dar es Salaam with Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika, and hence with eastern Congo. The railway
reached Kigoma on 1 February 1914. On Tuesday, 30 June 1914, the line was handed over from the construction company to the railway company.
2
On the previous Sunday,
the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne had been shot in Sarajevo. The subsequent whims of history would inhibit the Germans from using their brand-new railway for what it was meant for: transporting riches from Congo to the Indian Ocean.
3
The First World War was soon exported to the European colonies in Africa. From the
Belgian Congo, which had become a Belgian colony less than six years before the war started, troops under Belgian command invaded German East Africa (Tanganyika) in 1916 and the
town of Kigoma fell in Belgian hands on 28 July of that year (1916). What is now known as the Kigoma urban area has been the main hub connecting the lands and people around Lake Tanganyika with the Indian Ocean and the world economy since around the mid-nineteenth century. First centred in the historical town of Ujiji and linked to Bagamoyo via the central caravan route,
4
later centred in the Bay of Kigoma and linked with Dar es Salaam via the central railway line, the Kigoma urban area as a whole remained the infra-
structural pivot for traffic to and from East-Central Africa until this day.
This role as hub for the region explains why the Germans chose this place as railhead for their iron road to the riches of the Congo. However, this regional and historical importance does not mean that the global commercial and strategic importance of the region continued unabatedly.
Long-distance trade activities had seen ups and downs in the nineteenth century and the same is true for the period under scrutiny in this paper. A new boom in the economic and commercial domain was short-lived but nevertheless undeniable for almost a decade that lasted from the mid-1920s until the Great Depression. By then, however, Kigoma was no longer under Belgian control, but, remarkably, its port still was.
In 1921 the Belgians handed over the area under military occupation, including the town of Kigoma, to the British, but they were granted privileges and a concession in Kigoma’s port. This was part of the deal to have the Belgians evacuate the territory they had occu-
pied during the war. This deal, further including a Belgian port in Dar es Salaam on the Indian Ocean shores and a privileged use of the central railway, gave the Belgian Congo and the new Belgian mandate territories of Ruanda-Urundi an all-Belgian outlet to the
Indian Ocean.
Legally, this Anglo-Belgian agreement is quite straightforward; granting
the Belgians some privileges and concessions on the Tanganyika Territory, which had be-come a British mandate territory in the aftermath of the war.
However, the implementa-
tion on the ground opened a window of opportunities for all parties involved. This led to a short-lived boom of the Kigoma-Dar es Salaam connection in the late 1920s and early 1930s. One could expect Kigoma to be the minor one of the two ports, funnelling goods to and from the proper Indian Ocean port at Dar es Salaam, but in fact it was the other way around with Kigoma being the place where the formalities, transactions, logistics,
shipping, and handling were primarily taken care of, hence being the actual command centre of the Belgian bases (also referred to as Belbases).
In this paper, the focus is on the heydays of Kigoma’s role as an inland Indian Ocean port in the 1920s and early 1930s. The success was made possible by both stretching and not
insisting too much on the legal rights of the Belgians in the port of Kigoma, which de
facto meant that on the one hand all port activities took place in the Belgian-run port,
and on the other hand the Belgians did not make use of prerogatives which would have required a distinction between Belgian and British port activities.
Thus, not only could the agreement as such be seen as an exception to a territorial order in the narrow sense, but also locally, within the port of Kigoma, the spatial organization and the operation of the port was kept ambivalent.
Kigoma’s long tradition of connecting worlds, its infrastructural connectivity, and the institutional peculiarities of the “Belgian” port, which is at the heart of this article, make the town a fine example of what Matthias Middell and Katja Naumann described as
portals of globalization, namely “places that have been centres of world trade or global communication, have served as entrance points for cultural transfer, and where institutions and practices for dealing with global connectedness have been developed.”
5
Thispaper in particular focuses on the institutional and informal construction of the lake port of Kigoma as a Belgian Indian Ocean port on British territory. The story starts with the Belgian occupation during and immediately after the First World War, followed by
privileged presence guaranteed by a British-Belgian treaty, and reaching a decisive turning point in the early 1930s. Primarily highlighting the interwar period, I reveal how
territorial ambiguity and improvised pragmatism defied the lines of sovereignty and territoriality in the colonial period, both on the local and the international level.
As such, this paper can be seen as an exercise in colonial history after the spatial turn.
First World War: Settling European Scores (1914–1921)
During the First World War, troops under Belgian command conquered parts of German East Africa as far east as Morogoro, less than 200 km from the Indian Ocean coast.
However, only in the westernmost part of the colony, including Kigoma and its port, did they install an occupation government, leaving the rest of the territory to the British.
6
By the end of the war, though, it became clear that the Belgians would not be allowed to maintain their control in the area. As a matter of fact, the northwestern part of the
former German East Africa (Tanganyika) had never been Belgium’s first priority; they had hoped to use
these territories as diplomatic currency in order to obtain land close to the mouth of the Congo or to loosen the free trade obligations placed on the Belgian Congo.
7
In the end, however, the Paris Peace Conference would result in Belgium getting the mandate over Rwanda and Burundi, as well as a perpetual lease, for one Belgian franc per year, of the port sites in Dar es Salaam and Kigoma, allowing Belgian transit to and from the Belgian
Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi, free of dues, fees, deposits, or guarantees of any description.
In one way or another, the port of Kigoma would stay under Belgian management
for almost 80 years, despite British rule and Tanzanian independence.
8
The extraterritorial Belgian privileges in the British mandate territory of Tanganyika that was about to be founded were the result of an often neglected chapter of the 1919 Paris peace negotiations, which dealt with the parts of German East Africa (Tanganyika) the Belgian-led troops had conquered and still occupied at the time.
The Belgian-Congolese troops had already given up Tabora but still occupied the western part of the former German East Africa, from Karema in the south to the Ugandan border in the north, including 250 km of the railway, and still having access to Lake Victoria.
Against this background, the
Belgian and British negotiators, Pierre Orts and Lord Alfred Milner, started their negotiations. They both had a strictly territorial agenda.
The outcome of their negotiations also fitted nicely within the legal framework of imperial territoriality. The British got
the whole of Lake Victoria and almost all of Lake Tanganyika’s eastern shore, including the railhead at Kigoma. Belgium got the mandate over Rwanda and Burundi, two semi - autonomous districts in the northwest of the former colony.
9
Territorially the Belgians
got just over five per cent of German East Africa’s (Tanganyika) total surface, but demographically this
represented over 40 per cent of the population.
10
Up until this point, Orts and Milner practised business as usual, carving up the colonial cake amongst European colonizers,
thereby respecting the power relations between them. The devil, however, is in the details. The compromise Orts and Milner struck about Kigoma and Belgian access to the Indian Ocean met both the territorial strategic desires
of the British and the economic strategic desires of the Belgians. Roughly speaking, the Belgians relinquished the land, but could do what they wanted on from then on British territory.
This led to a port of Kigoma – as well as a section of the port of Dar es Salaam Tanganyika that was nominally British but Belgian in its operations. The outcome was an extraterritorial Belgian Indian Ocean port more than 1000 km from that ocean.
11
The Orts-Milner Agreement was an agreement of principle, which was signed on 30 May 1919 and accepted by the Paris Peace Conference. The most important part of the
agreement was undoubtedly the Belgian mandate over Ruanda-Urundi, which became part of the 1923 mandate agreements of the League of Nations.
In the context of this research, however, we are more interested in the deal on Belgian traffic through East Africa, including concessions in Kigoma and Dar es Salaam.
This part of the agreement
was turned into the Convention between Great Britain and Belgium with a View to Facilitate Belgian Traffic through the Territories of East Africa on 15 March 1921.
12
The convention consists of a preamble and 12 articles. In the preamble, the contract-
ing parties declare that the convention, which gives effect to the agreement of principle mentioned above, is an outcome of the joint efforts in Africa during the First World War and is meant to give access to the sea to portions of the Belgian Congo as well as to the
mandate territories of Ruanda-Urundi.
The central article of the convention was Article 2, which specified the underlying principle of freedom of transit to and from the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi across
East Africa. Additionally, it stated that there shall be no distinction with how British
persons, mail, goods, ships, railway carriages, and trucks were to be treated. Traffic to and from the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi was exempt from all customs duty or other similar duties, except for a charge of 25 cents per parcel.
However, if the transit
passed through the Belgian concession ports of Kigoma and Dar es Salaam, even this 25 cents charge was not due. Article 5 stipulated the perpetual lease of suitable sites in the ports of Kigoma and Dar es Salaam for an annual rent of 1 Belgian franc.
Apart from compliance with British law and order, the Belgians were free to do as they consider suitable within the limits of these sites, and had the right to entrust the workings of the sites to concessionaires for dura-
tions of up to 25 years (Article 6).
Article 9 freed the Belgian sites from any interference from the British customs authorities for goods in transit to or from the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi. Moreover, Belgian-sealed trucks or wagons on the Kigoma–Dar es Salaam railway were also exempt
from all British customs formalities (Article 10).
This meant that the Belgians could act independently from British interference as far as transit to and from Belgian colonial
territories through the concession sites and using the central railway was concerned. The British merely had the right to be present at all times.
The convention was signed in London on 15 March 1921. One week later, the Belgians
ended their occupation that had lasted for five years, and handed over the District of
Kigoma to the governor of Tanganyika.
14
Upon return from Kigoma, the governor-general of the Belgian Congo wrote to the minister of colonies: “Les Anglais se rendent compte que Kigoma n’a d’intérêt que pour nous” (The English are aware that Kigoma is only of interest to us).
15 What he omitted, though, is that the Belgian interest in Kigoma was also limited only to the port and railway.
Territorial Ambivalence and Improvised Globalization
in the Golden Decade of the Belgian Bases Pierre Ryckmans, who would become the most influential governor-general and chief
ideologist of Belgian colonialism in the decades to come,16 stayed in Kigoma in 1918.
Congolese troops returned from the military operation of Mahenge Morogoro Tanganyika with meningitis,
which led to a forced quarantine during which Ryckmans kept himself busy with investigations into the history of the region under German occupation. His focus was on Burundi, not on Kigoma.
17
Kigoma was a suitable place from where to look into areas of interest, but did not attract much attention itself. Similarly, it would become a pivotal place through which to connect areas of interest, but was not seen as a place of interest for its own sake or put otherwise, its interest lay in its capacity to connect and dispatch, and it is precisely this attribute that became or remained Belgian. Although it did not
lead to genuine Belgian interest in the local affairs and populations of Kigoma, the crucial function in linking eastern Congo with the Indian Ocean via the lake and the railway was soon recognized by this advocate of Belgian colonialism. In a letter to the minister
of colonies in the summer of 1921, Ryckmans – by then resident and acting royal commissioner in Ruanda-Urundi, and in this capacity responsible for the administration of the Belgian bases in Kigoma and Dar es Salaam 18 made a strong plea to make maximal use of the Belgian connection to the Indian Ocean via Kigoma, Dar es Salaam, and the central railway. He considered Kigoma and Dar es Salaam to be the most “Belgian” connection between Belgium and the Belgian Congo, second only to Matadi (“la plus belge
de toutes sauf Matadi”)
Source :
The Belgian Base at Kigoma’s Rail-head (1920s-1930s). Territorial Ambivalence in an Inland Indian Ocean Port by Geert Castryck
References :
Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at Rhodes House, Oxford (RHO), MSS. Afr. s. 900 (1),
History of Central Railway by C. Gillman.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre, “Le «désenclavement» de la région des Grands Lacs dans les projets économiques alle-mands au début du XXe siècle”, in: Département d’histoire de l’Université du Burundi (eds.), Histoire sociale de l’Afrique de l’Est (XIXe-XXe siècle): actes du colloque de Bujumbura (17-24 octobre 1989), Paris 1991, p. 342-343.
For more information on the nineteenth-century history of the area, see:
Norman R. Bennett, Arab Versus European: Diplomacy and War in Nineteenth-Century East Central Africa, New York 1986, and
Beverly B. Brown, Ujiji: The History of a Lakeside Town, Boston University 1973 (PhD Thesis).
DP WORLD NA DPWKigali wamemaliza dili matumizi ya bandari, gati na reli bure
HISTORIA INAJIRUDIA TENA TANGANYIKA 2023 BADALA YA DAR ES SALAAM NA KIGOMA SASA ITAKUWA KIGALI
The German colonial government in Tanganyika East Africa decided to connect Dar es Salaam with Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika, and hence with eastern Congo. The railway
reached Kigoma on 1 February 1914. On Tuesday, 30 June 1914, the line was handed over from the construction company to the railway company.
2
On the previous Sunday,
the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne had been shot in Sarajevo. The subsequent whims of history would inhibit the Germans from using their brand-new railway for what it was meant for: transporting riches from Congo to the Indian Ocean.
3
The First World War was soon exported to the European colonies in Africa. From the
Belgian Congo, which had become a Belgian colony less than six years before the war started, troops under Belgian command invaded German East Africa (Tanganyika) in 1916 and the
town of Kigoma fell in Belgian hands on 28 July of that year (1916). What is now known as the Kigoma urban area has been the main hub connecting the lands and people around Lake Tanganyika with the Indian Ocean and the world economy since around the mid-nineteenth century. First centred in the historical town of Ujiji and linked to Bagamoyo via the central caravan route,
4
later centred in the Bay of Kigoma and linked with Dar es Salaam via the central railway line, the Kigoma urban area as a whole remained the infra-
structural pivot for traffic to and from East-Central Africa until this day.
This role as hub for the region explains why the Germans chose this place as railhead for their iron road to the riches of the Congo. However, this regional and historical importance does not mean that the global commercial and strategic importance of the region continued unabatedly.
Long-distance trade activities had seen ups and downs in the nineteenth century and the same is true for the period under scrutiny in this paper. A new boom in the economic and commercial domain was short-lived but nevertheless undeniable for almost a decade that lasted from the mid-1920s until the Great Depression. By then, however, Kigoma was no longer under Belgian control, but, remarkably, its port still was.
In 1921 the Belgians handed over the area under military occupation, including the town of Kigoma, to the British, but they were granted privileges and a concession in Kigoma’s port. This was part of the deal to have the Belgians evacuate the territory they had occu-
pied during the war. This deal, further including a Belgian port in Dar es Salaam on the Indian Ocean shores and a privileged use of the central railway, gave the Belgian Congo and the new Belgian mandate territories of Ruanda-Urundi an all-Belgian outlet to the
Indian Ocean.
Legally, this Anglo-Belgian agreement is quite straightforward; granting
the Belgians some privileges and concessions on the Tanganyika Territory, which had be-come a British mandate territory in the aftermath of the war.
However, the implementa-
tion on the ground opened a window of opportunities for all parties involved. This led to a short-lived boom of the Kigoma-Dar es Salaam connection in the late 1920s and early 1930s. One could expect Kigoma to be the minor one of the two ports, funnelling goods to and from the proper Indian Ocean port at Dar es Salaam, but in fact it was the other way around with Kigoma being the place where the formalities, transactions, logistics,
shipping, and handling were primarily taken care of, hence being the actual command centre of the Belgian bases (also referred to as Belbases).
In this paper, the focus is on the heydays of Kigoma’s role as an inland Indian Ocean port in the 1920s and early 1930s. The success was made possible by both stretching and not
insisting too much on the legal rights of the Belgians in the port of Kigoma, which de
facto meant that on the one hand all port activities took place in the Belgian-run port,
and on the other hand the Belgians did not make use of prerogatives which would have required a distinction between Belgian and British port activities.
Thus, not only could the agreement as such be seen as an exception to a territorial order in the narrow sense, but also locally, within the port of Kigoma, the spatial organization and the operation of the port was kept ambivalent.
Kigoma’s long tradition of connecting worlds, its infrastructural connectivity, and the institutional peculiarities of the “Belgian” port, which is at the heart of this article, make the town a fine example of what Matthias Middell and Katja Naumann described as
portals of globalization, namely “places that have been centres of world trade or global communication, have served as entrance points for cultural transfer, and where institutions and practices for dealing with global connectedness have been developed.”
5
Thispaper in particular focuses on the institutional and informal construction of the lake port of Kigoma as a Belgian Indian Ocean port on British territory. The story starts with the Belgian occupation during and immediately after the First World War, followed by
privileged presence guaranteed by a British-Belgian treaty, and reaching a decisive turning point in the early 1930s. Primarily highlighting the interwar period, I reveal how
territorial ambiguity and improvised pragmatism defied the lines of sovereignty and territoriality in the colonial period, both on the local and the international level.
As such, this paper can be seen as an exercise in colonial history after the spatial turn.
First World War: Settling European Scores (1914–1921)
During the First World War, troops under Belgian command conquered parts of German East Africa as far east as Morogoro, less than 200 km from the Indian Ocean coast.
However, only in the westernmost part of the colony, including Kigoma and its port, did they install an occupation government, leaving the rest of the territory to the British.
6
By the end of the war, though, it became clear that the Belgians would not be allowed to maintain their control in the area. As a matter of fact, the northwestern part of the
former German East Africa (Tanganyika) had never been Belgium’s first priority; they had hoped to use
these territories as diplomatic currency in order to obtain land close to the mouth of the Congo or to loosen the free trade obligations placed on the Belgian Congo.
7
In the end, however, the Paris Peace Conference would result in Belgium getting the mandate over Rwanda and Burundi, as well as a perpetual lease, for one Belgian franc per year, of the port sites in Dar es Salaam and Kigoma, allowing Belgian transit to and from the Belgian
Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi, free of dues, fees, deposits, or guarantees of any description.
In one way or another, the port of Kigoma would stay under Belgian management
for almost 80 years, despite British rule and Tanzanian independence.
8
The extraterritorial Belgian privileges in the British mandate territory of Tanganyika that was about to be founded were the result of an often neglected chapter of the 1919 Paris peace negotiations, which dealt with the parts of German East Africa (Tanganyika) the Belgian-led troops had conquered and still occupied at the time.
The Belgian-Congolese troops had already given up Tabora but still occupied the western part of the former German East Africa, from Karema in the south to the Ugandan border in the north, including 250 km of the railway, and still having access to Lake Victoria.
Against this background, the
Belgian and British negotiators, Pierre Orts and Lord Alfred Milner, started their negotiations. They both had a strictly territorial agenda.
The outcome of their negotiations also fitted nicely within the legal framework of imperial territoriality. The British got
the whole of Lake Victoria and almost all of Lake Tanganyika’s eastern shore, including the railhead at Kigoma. Belgium got the mandate over Rwanda and Burundi, two semi - autonomous districts in the northwest of the former colony.
9
Territorially the Belgians
got just over five per cent of German East Africa’s (Tanganyika) total surface, but demographically this
represented over 40 per cent of the population.
10
Up until this point, Orts and Milner practised business as usual, carving up the colonial cake amongst European colonizers,
thereby respecting the power relations between them. The devil, however, is in the details. The compromise Orts and Milner struck about Kigoma and Belgian access to the Indian Ocean met both the territorial strategic desires
of the British and the economic strategic desires of the Belgians. Roughly speaking, the Belgians relinquished the land, but could do what they wanted on from then on British territory.
This led to a port of Kigoma – as well as a section of the port of Dar es Salaam Tanganyika that was nominally British but Belgian in its operations. The outcome was an extraterritorial Belgian Indian Ocean port more than 1000 km from that ocean.
11
The Orts-Milner Agreement was an agreement of principle, which was signed on 30 May 1919 and accepted by the Paris Peace Conference. The most important part of the
agreement was undoubtedly the Belgian mandate over Ruanda-Urundi, which became part of the 1923 mandate agreements of the League of Nations.
In the context of this research, however, we are more interested in the deal on Belgian traffic through East Africa, including concessions in Kigoma and Dar es Salaam.
This part of the agreement
was turned into the Convention between Great Britain and Belgium with a View to Facilitate Belgian Traffic through the Territories of East Africa on 15 March 1921.
12
The convention consists of a preamble and 12 articles. In the preamble, the contract-
ing parties declare that the convention, which gives effect to the agreement of principle mentioned above, is an outcome of the joint efforts in Africa during the First World War and is meant to give access to the sea to portions of the Belgian Congo as well as to the
mandate territories of Ruanda-Urundi.
The central article of the convention was Article 2, which specified the underlying principle of freedom of transit to and from the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi across
East Africa. Additionally, it stated that there shall be no distinction with how British
persons, mail, goods, ships, railway carriages, and trucks were to be treated. Traffic to and from the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi was exempt from all customs duty or other similar duties, except for a charge of 25 cents per parcel.
However, if the transit
passed through the Belgian concession ports of Kigoma and Dar es Salaam, even this 25 cents charge was not due. Article 5 stipulated the perpetual lease of suitable sites in the ports of Kigoma and Dar es Salaam for an annual rent of 1 Belgian franc.
Apart from compliance with British law and order, the Belgians were free to do as they consider suitable within the limits of these sites, and had the right to entrust the workings of the sites to concessionaires for dura-
tions of up to 25 years (Article 6).
Article 9 freed the Belgian sites from any interference from the British customs authorities for goods in transit to or from the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi. Moreover, Belgian-sealed trucks or wagons on the Kigoma–Dar es Salaam railway were also exempt
from all British customs formalities (Article 10).
This meant that the Belgians could act independently from British interference as far as transit to and from Belgian colonial
territories through the concession sites and using the central railway was concerned. The British merely had the right to be present at all times.
The convention was signed in London on 15 March 1921. One week later, the Belgians
ended their occupation that had lasted for five years, and handed over the District of
Kigoma to the governor of Tanganyika.
14
Upon return from Kigoma, the governor-general of the Belgian Congo wrote to the minister of colonies: “Les Anglais se rendent compte que Kigoma n’a d’intérêt que pour nous” (The English are aware that Kigoma is only of interest to us).
15 What he omitted, though, is that the Belgian interest in Kigoma was also limited only to the port and railway.
Territorial Ambivalence and Improvised Globalization
in the Golden Decade of the Belgian Bases Pierre Ryckmans, who would become the most influential governor-general and chief
ideologist of Belgian colonialism in the decades to come,16 stayed in Kigoma in 1918.
Congolese troops returned from the military operation of Mahenge Morogoro Tanganyika with meningitis,
which led to a forced quarantine during which Ryckmans kept himself busy with investigations into the history of the region under German occupation. His focus was on Burundi, not on Kigoma.
17
Kigoma was a suitable place from where to look into areas of interest, but did not attract much attention itself. Similarly, it would become a pivotal place through which to connect areas of interest, but was not seen as a place of interest for its own sake or put otherwise, its interest lay in its capacity to connect and dispatch, and it is precisely this attribute that became or remained Belgian. Although it did not
lead to genuine Belgian interest in the local affairs and populations of Kigoma, the crucial function in linking eastern Congo with the Indian Ocean via the lake and the railway was soon recognized by this advocate of Belgian colonialism. In a letter to the minister
of colonies in the summer of 1921, Ryckmans – by then resident and acting royal commissioner in Ruanda-Urundi, and in this capacity responsible for the administration of the Belgian bases in Kigoma and Dar es Salaam 18 made a strong plea to make maximal use of the Belgian connection to the Indian Ocean via Kigoma, Dar es Salaam, and the central railway. He considered Kigoma and Dar es Salaam to be the most “Belgian” connection between Belgium and the Belgian Congo, second only to Matadi (“la plus belge
de toutes sauf Matadi”)
Source :
The Belgian Base at Kigoma’s Rail-head (1920s-1930s). Territorial Ambivalence in an Inland Indian Ocean Port by Geert Castryck
References :
Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at Rhodes House, Oxford (RHO), MSS. Afr. s. 900 (1),
History of Central Railway by C. Gillman.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre, “Le «désenclavement» de la région des Grands Lacs dans les projets économiques alle-mands au début du XXe siècle”, in: Département d’histoire de l’Université du Burundi (eds.), Histoire sociale de l’Afrique de l’Est (XIXe-XXe siècle): actes du colloque de Bujumbura (17-24 octobre 1989), Paris 1991, p. 342-343.
For more information on the nineteenth-century history of the area, see:
Norman R. Bennett, Arab Versus European: Diplomacy and War in Nineteenth-Century East Central Africa, New York 1986, and
Beverly B. Brown, Ujiji: The History of a Lakeside Town, Boston University 1973 (PhD Thesis).
sengobad
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 13, 2017
- 9,008
- 8,788
Hawa jamaa wanashangaza sana tunalalamikia chakula ni kibovu wao wanajibu chakula kilikuwa kinachelewa sana kwa sasa tutakuwa tunakula kwa wakati, na sisi hatujagoma kula au sio kwamba hatutaki kula.
KingCobra95
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 11, 2015
- 3,249
- 5,863
viongozi wa Dini ndio wanaotumika kuwahadaa wananchi kwenye mambo mengi.
Kasiano Muyenzi
JF-Expert Member
- Feb 3, 2018
- 13,858
- 22,729
Ameenda kugawa bahasha tu za kuwanyamazisha hao viongozi wa dini wachumia tumbo, wala sio kutoa elimu.
Mzee wa kupambania
JF-Expert Member
- Aug 14, 2022
- 21,111
- 53,092
Viongozi wa dini wawalishe kondoo zao mambo ya kiroho mambo ya siasa hayawahusu
Ya Kaisari mwachie Kaisari
Ya Kaisari mwachie Kaisari
stephot
JF-Expert Member
- Mar 1, 2012
- 17,216
- 26,225
Ngoja nimuuzie mtu vitunguu kwanza,ntarudi baadaye...
Mwifwa
JF-Expert Member
- Apr 3, 2017
- 48,474
- 125,866
Nimekaa pale...
Fundi Mchundo
Platinum Member
- Nov 9, 2007
- 10,448
- 8,705
Hii sasa too much. Viongozi wa dini wanahusika vipi katika mambo ya mkataba?
Amandla...
FRANCIS DA DON
JF-Expert Member
- Sep 4, 2013
- 38,920
- 44,970
1.) Hivyo vifaa vya kisasa ni bei gani kuvinujua? Ile trillion 1 iliyokopww ilinunuavifaa vya kizamani?
1.) Mkataba ni wa miaka mingapi? (Ukomo)
Ngigana
JF-Expert Member
- Apr 16, 2010
- 2,106
- 1,443
Yeye ni msemaji wa serikali?
Amun Ra
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 30, 2021
- 4,713
- 7,218
Swali zuri sana
JET SALLI
JF-Expert Member
- Dec 1, 2014
- 2,392
- 1,578
AZIMIO LA MWISHO WA KIKAO HICHO LIWE NI KUCHUKUA MKATABA HUO NA KWENDA KUUTUPA CHOONI.TUACHE UPUMBAVU KAMA TAIFA,NCHI IMEJAA VYUO VIKUU VYA KUZALISHA WAPUMBAVU TU,LI NCHI LINAZIDI KUJAZA WATU AMBAO HAWANA AKILI NA BAHATI MBAYA WASIO NA AKILI NDIO VIONGOZI.WATU MILIONI 63 WANASHINDWA KUENDESHA BANDARI?AJABU SANA HII,NCHI YA WATU MILIONI 3 NDIO INATUDRIVE,CCM ACHIENI NCHI KWA SASA HAMNA AKILI YA KUONGOZA TAIFA HILI MMEFELI KWA ASILIMIA 1000%.YAANI UPINZANI HAUPO BUNGENI NA MMESHINDWA KABISA KUFANYA KAZI KWA AKILI.BUNGE LIMEJAA VILAZA WATUPU,HV BUNGE KAMA HILI LILILOSHINDWA KUELEWA MKATABA RAHISI KAMA HUU TENA WENYE TERMS ZA KIPUMBAVU NA ZA WAZI KWA NN TUSISEME HILI NI BUNGE LA VICHAA.
Shehullohi
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 21, 2020
- 3,753
- 3,685
Kwa viongozi wa Kikristo. Kuweni makini msije mkambulia kama ya yule Gehazi wa Agano la kale.
Askofu Gervais Nyaisonga huwa ni kibaraka wa CCM, bora angekuwepo katibu mkuu wa tec Dr Charles Kitima
Richard
JF-Expert Member
- Oct 23, 2006
- 15,692
- 23,038
Siasa imeingizwa makanisani leo hakuna kuzungumzia kuhusu masuala ya kidini ni siasa.
Serikali haina dini lakini hutaka kuitumia pale inapowafaa wao.
Hii yaonyesha wazi kuwa haya mambo yalipangwa kabla maana huwezi kuwaita viongozi wa dini siku chache baada ya bunge kupitisha maamuzi ya kuiachia bandari, kisha jumatatu uwaite viongozi wa dini.
!Desperate times, desperate measures".
peno hasegawa
JF-Expert Member
- Feb 24, 2016
- 14,255
- 23,949
Yule mkuu wa KKKT yupo kwenye hicho kikao?